„Bezbożny sojusz”? populizm i wiodące religie monoteistyczne

Abstract

Populizm to jedno z największych wyzwań współczesności nie tylko w rozumieniu kulturowym, społecznym i politycznym, ale także religijnym. Niezależnie od tego, czy to judaizm, chrześcijaństwo lub islam, każda z tych religii wraz z jej symbolami, obrazami, metaforami i przypowieściami, jest narażana na mimowolny i „bezbożny sojusz” z populizmem, który wykorzystuje religię do osiągnięcia własnych celów na drodze politycznej manipulacji, potęgowania postaw antyimigranckich, dewaluacji innych grup społecznych, a także antyestablishmentu i antypluralizmu. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest zatem ukazanie relacji, jakie zachodzą pomiędzy populistyczną „ideologią o cienkim rdzeniu”, a głównymi religiami monoteistycznymi w ramach ideologicznego zawłaszczania religii przez populistów, które posiada każdorazowo jednakowy „punkt styczny”, tj. upolitycznienie religii i sakralizację polityki.

“Unholy Alliance”: Identification and prevention of ideological and religious frames between right-wing populism and christianity in Poland

“…Within the cited understanding of populism, six distinct but interrelated components of this phenomenon can be identified: 1. the existence of two homogeneous individuals: the people and the elite; 2. the antagonistic relationship between the people and the elite; 3. the idea of popular sovereignty; 4. the positive assessment of the people and the negative assessment of the elite; 5. the affirmation of one's own culture and the exclusion of the "other"; and 6. the unity of the populist leader with the people (Chrostowski 2021b;Lipiński 2020;Aslanidis 2016;Albertazzi and McDonnell 2015). The conceptualisation of populism based on these elements is constructed not only in the belief of the key role of the people in the populist discourse, but that it also constitutes a kind of selection tool within the framework of anti-elitism and exclusivism.…”

“…The origins of the above definition of populism can be seen primarily in the morphological approach to the study of ideology developed by M. Freeden (1996Freeden ( , 1998Freeden ( , 2003Freeden ( , 2013, which distinguishes between "full" ideologies and ideologies with a "thin core" (Lipiński and Stępińska 2020b;Chrostowski 2021b). The "full" ideologies aim to answer all questions about the life of a given community and include, for example, conservatism, liberalism, and socialism.…”

“…The "thin core" ideologies refer only partially to selected problems of socio-political life and cover just a small number of political concepts (Freeden 1998, p. 750;Gidron and Bonikowski 2013, p. 6;Lipiński and Stępińska 2020b, p. 9). Populism appears as a phenomenon devoid of holistic ideological projects (Betz 1994, p. 107) and is based on interaction with other ideologies (e.g., xenophobia, fundamentalism or nationalism), and always occurs in some combination with them (Chrostowski 2021b;Mudde and Kaltwasser 2011;Stanley 2008).…”

“…These are Muslim immigrants (Krzyżanowska and Krzyżanowski 2018;Cap 2018), the LGBT community and supporters of gender theory (Yermakova 2021;Mole et al 2021;Korolczuk 2020;Korolczuk and Graff 2017) or people and institutions representing liberal political and ethical-moral views (Hall 2019;Csehi and Zgut 2020;Stambulski 2022). In this sense, to ensure effective influence on the minds and hearts of citizens, and to be able to construct a narrowly understood tradition, stability and identity (Courau et al 2019;Lesch 2017Lesch , 2020Chrostowski 2021b), right-wing populists in Poland, but also in many other European countries and around the world (Haynes 2020;Schwörer and Romero-Vidal 2020;Yilmaz and Morieson 2021), are constantly "hijacking" religion (Marzouki et al 2016). Furthermore, this relationship of populism and religion is very complex and difficult to decipher so some researchers describe it as "religious populism" (Zúquete 2017;Mabille 2019;Herbst and Menne 2020;Chrostowski 2021b).…”

“…In this sense, to ensure effective influence on the minds and hearts of citizens, and to be able to construct a narrowly understood tradition, stability and identity (Courau et al 2019;Lesch 2017Lesch , 2020Chrostowski 2021b), right-wing populists in Poland, but also in many other European countries and around the world (Haynes 2020;Schwörer and Romero-Vidal 2020;Yilmaz and Morieson 2021), are constantly "hijacking" religion (Marzouki et al 2016). Furthermore, this relationship of populism and religion is very complex and difficult to decipher so some researchers describe it as "religious populism" (Zúquete 2017;Mabille 2019;Herbst and Menne 2020;Chrostowski 2021b).…”