“…Similar patternings of subjects in V3 structures in contemporary Germanic languages are documented for Cimbrian (Bidese 2008;Grewendorf & Poletto 2011;Bidese et al 2012;Bidese et al 2016), French Flemish (Ryckeboer 2004;Haegeman & Greco 2016), and urban vernacular dialects of German, Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish (Ganuza 2008;Freywald et al 2015;Walkden to appear). In Cimbrian, a heritage Germanic language spoken in the Italian town of Luserna, non-quantifier subjects appear obligatorily in a preverbal position; the subject-inversion pattern of "classic" V2 is reported as ungrammatical in declarative clauses.…”
This article focuses on the analysis of verb-second (V2) requirements in light of evidence that the clausal left periphery contains a series of functional projections in a fixed hierarchy (Rizzi 1997;Benincà & Poletto 2004; among many others). I discuss previous approaches to V2, the bottleneck effect and stacked head theories, and argue that they are generally unable to account for a variety of "relaxed" V2 systems that allow V3 or V4 in some contexts. I propose a new analysis of variation in the strictness of V2 in terms of the feature scattering hypothesis (Giorgi & Pianesi 1996); languages can vary in the number of functional category features that are bundled on individual heads. This allows a straightforward account for the attested typology of relaxed V2 systems, and a new explanation for cross-linguistic variation in the instantiation of functional projections.Keywords: syntax; verb-second word order; bottleneck effect; feature scattering
The cartographic program and the problem of restricted instantiationFollowing Rizzi (1997) a variety of evidence has emerged to suggest that the left edge of the clause, the traditional complementizer phrase, contains additional internal structure. Numerous works within the cartographic approach propose that rather than a single projection, the left edge of the clause includes a series of distinct functional projections, collectively referred to as the extended left periphery. These functional heads perform the various functions of complementizer-like elements, generally related to clause typing and the encoding of information structure. While the body of research within the approach has given rise to many proposed structures, we will consider for illustrative purposes the "core"
“…Similar patternings of subjects in V3 structures in contemporary Germanic languages are documented for Cimbrian (Bidese 2008;Grewendorf & Poletto 2011;Bidese et al 2012;Bidese et al 2016), French Flemish (Ryckeboer 2004;Haegeman & Greco 2016), and urban vernacular dialects of German, Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish (Ganuza 2008;Freywald et al 2015;Walkden to appear). In Cimbrian, a heritage Germanic language spoken in the Italian town of Luserna, non-quantifier subjects appear obligatorily in a preverbal position; the subject-inversion pattern of "classic" V2 is reported as ungrammatical in declarative clauses.…”
This article focuses on the analysis of verb-second (V2) requirements in light of evidence that the clausal left periphery contains a series of functional projections in a fixed hierarchy (Rizzi 1997;Benincà & Poletto 2004; among many others). I discuss previous approaches to V2, the bottleneck effect and stacked head theories, and argue that they are generally unable to account for a variety of "relaxed" V2 systems that allow V3 or V4 in some contexts. I propose a new analysis of variation in the strictness of V2 in terms of the feature scattering hypothesis (Giorgi & Pianesi 1996); languages can vary in the number of functional category features that are bundled on individual heads. This allows a straightforward account for the attested typology of relaxed V2 systems, and a new explanation for cross-linguistic variation in the instantiation of functional projections.Keywords: syntax; verb-second word order; bottleneck effect; feature scattering
The cartographic program and the problem of restricted instantiationFollowing Rizzi (1997) a variety of evidence has emerged to suggest that the left edge of the clause, the traditional complementizer phrase, contains additional internal structure. Numerous works within the cartographic approach propose that rather than a single projection, the left edge of the clause includes a series of distinct functional projections, collectively referred to as the extended left periphery. These functional heads perform the various functions of complementizer-like elements, generally related to clause typing and the encoding of information structure. While the body of research within the approach has given rise to many proposed structures, we will consider for illustrative purposes the "core"
“…This should not come as a surprise, since in this type of language use, second language learning features are used more frequently: The following examples are taken from Freywald et al (, p. 83) and illustrate the absence of the V2 rule in UYSS in Norwegian (6), German (7), and Swedish (8). Following Freywald et al (), the finite verb is in italics. …”
Section: Linguistic Characteristics Of Uyss'smentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The XSV construction, where elements such as adverbial phrases (X) may precede the subject (S) and verb (V), “typically occurs in peer conversation” (Freywald et al, , p. 91) but is absent in interviews and written texts. One would expect this pattern in Dutch UYSS, too.…”
Section: Linguistic Characteristics Of Uyss'smentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, in Dutch UYSS, it occurs only rarely. An explanation may be found in the different “syntactic ways of realizing information‐structural preferences” (Freywald et al, , p. 92), but there is not enough data available to confirm this hypothesis. It is obvious, however, that violations of the V2 rule do not mark contemporary urban youth practices in Dutch, though it has the same V2 rule as the other four languages where its indexicality is strong.…”
Section: Linguistic Characteristics Of Uyss'smentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In this paper, the main focus will be on a limited set of studies carried out in six cities in five countries (Table 1): Hamburg and Berlin in Germany (Dirim, 2005;Freywald, Cornips, Ganuza, Nistov, & Opsahl, 2015;Wiese, 2012), Utrecht in the Netherlands (Nortier, 2001), Copenhagen in Denmark (Quist, 2008), Oslo in Norway (Opsahl, 2009), and Stockholm in Sweden (Freywald et al, 2015). Other studies carried out in the five focus countries will be mentioned in Section 2 below.…”
Since the 1980s, an increasing number of studies on youth languages in Europe has appeared. In this paper, a selection of the literature on linguistic practices and identity work by young people in multilingual and multiethnic urban areas in Western Europe is reviewed and discussed. Practices in Germany, the Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, and Sweden are focused on. From a bird's eye view, the literature on linguistic practices of urban youth in other West‐ and South‐European countries is reviewed as well. After a sketch of the context in which the first studies on multilingual and multiethnic youth languages appeared, research on youth languages in the five focus countries is presented, followed by a comparison of linguistic characteristics. Specific features from the levels of grammar, lexicon, and pronunciation are used to index social belonging and identity.
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