Beyond the Disease Model: Reframing the Etiology of Alcoholism From a Spiritual Perspective

Abstract

The disease model of alcoholism, which has gained prominence since the mid-20th century as the major etiological model of alcoholism, suffers from several limitations including its overemphasis on biological factors at the expense of other psychosocial factors, in addition to its lack of consistency with a holistic, social work person-in-environment perspective. The increased interest in spirituality among social work and other helping professionals calls on educators and practitioners to be at the forefront of efforts to develop new holistic conceptualizations of alcoholism that can incorporate spirituality. Using transpersonal theory as a conceptual framework, a spiritual etiological model of alcoholism is presented that complements the strengths of the disease model by allowing for the inclusion of biological determinants of alcoholism, providing a complementary way to understand alcoholism that can be taught to students and utilized by practitioners.

Applying Buddhist Practices to Recovery: What I Learned From Skiing With a Little Buddha Wisdom

“…Throughout history and cultures, attitudes about substance use and abuse have changed (Bliss, 2009; Merta, 2001; Miller & Bogenschultz, 2007; Myers, 2002; Stolberg, 2009). These changing beliefs often create myths and misconceptions about the nature of addiction.…”

“…These changing beliefs often create myths and misconceptions about the nature of addiction. In the 1930s, individuals who were addicted were considered to be morally defective and lacking in willpower (Bliss, 2009; Myers, 2002). Alcohol taxes were labeled as “sin” taxes.…”

“…The traditional disease model focuses on powerful biological determinants of addictions, supports medical‐based interventions, and considers addictions that are rooted in biological factors beyond an individual's control (Marlatt, 2002). Although the biological factors are important, they may represent only a part of a more integrated perspective (Bliss, 2009; Hesselbrock, Hesselbrock, & Epstein, 1999).…”

“…To be considered addictive, the behavior includes increased tolerance, withdrawal, and increased quantity and frequency of use (Merta, 2001). Despite the enormous personal and social costs of addictions, there is little consensus regarding the most effective treatments for enabling recovery (Bliss, 2009; Pruett, Nishimura, & Priest, 2007).…”

“…Okundaye et al (2001) described recovery as a holistic, continuous process of becoming, involving others, using collaboration, creating growth without limits, and emphasizing five key strengths: (a) empowerment, (b) suspension of disbelief, (c) dialogue and collaboration, (d) membership, (e) synergy, and (f) regeneration. Bliss (2009) suggested that AA provides a holistic perspective for recovery given how it supports…”