Beyond the damage threshold: the historic earthquakes of Rome

Galli, Paolo; Molin, Diego

doi:10.1007/s10518-012-9409-0

Cited by 36 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Event E2 was dated between 260 and 575 CE (Figure ). Several earthquakes struck Rome between the fifth and ninth centuries CE (Figure b) as testified by historical sources that document earthquake damage and subsequent reconstruction (Galli & Molin, ; Guidoboni, ; Guidoboni et al, ). In particular, the pieces of evidence of coseismic collapse and destruction are distinct and have been chronologically attributed to earthquakes in CE 443, 484–508 (uncertain date), and 801 (e.g., Galadini et al, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

22‐kyr‐Long Record of Surface Faulting Along the Source of the 30 October 2016 Earthquake (Central Apennines, Italy), From Integrated Paleoseismic Data Sets

et al. 2019

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We integrate paleoseismic data sets along the Mt. Vettore‐Mt. Bove normal fault system rupturing at the surface in the 30 October 2016 Norcia earthquake. Through the analysis of new trenches from this work and a review of the preexisting data, we correlate events among trench sites along antithetic and synthetic fault splays. We recognize seven M 6.5, 2016 Norcia‐type (or larger) surface‐faulting events in the last ~22 kyr, including 2016. Before 2016, one event occurred in the past two millennia (260–575 CE) and possibly corresponds to the event damaging Rome in 443 or 484/508 CE. Three previous events occurred between 10590 and 415 BCE, whereas the two oldest ones date between 19820 and 16540 BCE. The average recurrence time is 3,360–3,640 years for the last ~22 kyr and 1,220–1,970 years for the last ~4 kyr. We infer a minimum dip‐slip rate of 0.26–0.38 mm/year on the master fault in the central portion of the Mt. Vettore–Mt. Bove normal fault system and a dip‐slip rate of at least 0.10 mm/year on the southernmost portion. We infer a Middle–Late Pleistocene inception of the long‐term scarp of the investigated splays. The along‐strike variation of slip rates well reproduces the trend of the 2016 surface slip; thus, the time window exposed in the trenches is representative for the present fault activity. Based on trenching data, different earthquake rupture scenarios should be also considered for local hazard assessment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

22‐kyr‐Long Record of Surface Faulting Along the Source of the 30 October 2016 Earthquake (Central Apennines, Italy), From Integrated Paleoseismic Data Sets

et al. 2019

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“…. shook down a portion of the city wall" (Cassio Dio, Historia Romana, 57.14.7), and in 50 CE, "houses were overturned by repeated shocks of earthquake (crebris terrae motibus) and, as panic spread, the weak were trampled underfoot in the trepidation of the crowd" [Tacitus, Annals, 12 (43)] (4,55,56). Roman builders constructed a series of lateral arches that connect the 8.6-m span of the central vault of the Great Hall to the surrounding superstructure (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The conglomeratic fabric of the concretes is analogous to sedimentary rocks made of coarse rock fragments and a matrix of finer grained material. The concretes have resisted structural scale failure during moderatemagnitude earthquakes (<8 on the Mercalli-Cancani-Sieberg intensity scale) associated with slip on Appennine fault systems 80-130 km to the northeast, as well as chemical decay associated with repeated inundations of foundations and walls by Tiber River floods (3)(4)(5). To date, at least six episodes of moment magnitude 6.7-7 ground shaking and damage to monuments have been recorded since 508 CE (4).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Mechanical resilience and cementitious processes in Imperial Roman architectural mortar

Jackson¹,

Landis

Brune

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

172

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The pyroclastic aggregate concrete of Trajan's Markets (110 CE), now Museo Fori Imperiali in Rome, has absorbed energy from seismic ground shaking and long-term foundation settlement for nearly two millenia while remaining largely intact at the structural scale. The scientific basis of this exceptional service record is explored through computed tomography of fracture surfaces and synchroton X-ray microdiffraction analyses of a reproduction of the standardized hydrated lime-volcanic ash mortar that binds decimeter-sized tuff and brick aggregate in the conglomeratic concrete. The mortar reproduction gains fracture toughness over 180 d through progressive coalescence of calcium-aluminum-silicate-hydrate (C-A-S-H) cementing binder with Ca/(Si+Al) ≈ 0.8-0.9 and crystallization of strätlingite and siliceous hydrogarnet (katoite) at ≥90 d, after pozzolanic consumption of hydrated lime was complete. Platey strät-lingite crystals toughen interfacial zones along scoria perimeters and impede macroscale propagation of crack segments. In the 1,900-y-old mortar, C-A-S-H has low Ca/(Si+Al) ≈ 0.45-0.75. Dense clusters of 2-to 30-μm strätlingite plates further reinforce interfacial zones, the weakest link of modern cement-based concrete, and the cementitious matrix. These crystals formed during long-term autogeneous reaction of dissolved calcite from lime and the alkali-rich scoriae groundmass, clay mineral (halloysite), and zeolite (phillipsite and chabazite) surface textures from the Pozzolane Rosse pyroclastic flow, erupted from the nearby Alban Hills volcano. The clastsupported conglomeratic fabric of the concrete presents further resistance to fracture propagation at the structural scale.Roman concrete | volcanic ash mortar | fracture toughness | interfacial zone | strätlingite

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“…Galli and Molin [2014] reported 13 historical earthquakes that have exceeded the damage threshold within the Central Archaeological Area (CAA) of Rome. Their analysis covered a time span of approx 2.5 kyr, describing the damage induced on monumental buildings by these seismic events.…”

Section: Site Description and Geological Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geometry and seismic characterization of the subsoil below the Amphitheatrum Flavium, Rome

Cardarelli

Cercato

Orlando

2017

Annals of Geophysics

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Beyond the damage threshold: the historic earthquakes of Rome

Cited by 36 publications

References 13 publications

22‐kyr‐Long Record of Surface Faulting Along the Source of the 30 October 2016 Earthquake (Central Apennines, Italy), From Integrated Paleoseismic Data Sets

22‐kyr‐Long Record of Surface Faulting Along the Source of the 30 October 2016 Earthquake (Central Apennines, Italy), From Integrated Paleoseismic Data Sets

Mechanical resilience and cementitious processes in Imperial Roman architectural mortar

Geometry and seismic characterization of the subsoil below the Amphitheatrum Flavium, Rome

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