“…Although its relationship with other tourism concepts is still being explored in the nascent literature (Lever et al, 2022), preliminary findings suggest that tourism ethnocentrism can lead to positive recommendations and advocacy behavior from both tourists and local residents (Boukamba et al, 2021;Rybina, 2021). Ethnocentric tourists are motivated to establish a close connection with the tourism destination and domestic tourism economy, encouraging other in-group members to support their country's tourism industry (Bremser and Abraham, 2022;Cardador et al, 2023;Stepchenkova, 2023;Todorovi c et al, 2023;Xiaolong et al, 2023). Thus, tourism ethnocentrism acts as a symbolic motive for travel, motivating tourists to decide to support tourism destinations and the domestic tourism economy (Rybina, 2021;Todorovi c et al, 2023).…”