“…In this article we have drawn together scientific knowledge from allied areas of study which provide the basis of a theory of dysfunctional expertise. For various types of criminal behavior we now need to: 1) repeat some of the basic experiments from the cognitive psychology paradigm with experienced offender populations and a variety of control groups in order to test our predictions in a robust way (the majority of experimental research reviewed above has been done with typically developing populations who may perform differently to the specialist population of offenders, who often grow up in less than optimal conditions (Nee & Ioannou, forthcoming); 2) elucidate more clearly through mixed methods research some exacting questions about the decision chain: under what conditions might preconscious scanning develop into an intention to offend and is this always acted upon; how distant is this development in time and space from the actual offense; what automatic and reasoned processes occur during the offense; at what point on the decision chain and under what conditions will the best opportunities arise to re-evaluate the decision to commit a crime; what happens in the hours and days after the crime -a significantly overlooked area; and finally, the often neglected role (especially in acquisitive offenders) that emotion plays in decisionmaking at all of these points -(such as anger, guilt, shame and emotions associated with arousal, impulsivity and reward -see Day, 2009;Van Gelder, 2012;Van Gelder, Ellfers, Reynaud, & Nagin, 2013, for recent discussions of cognition and emotion in offenders. Little is known for instance, outside the world of sex offending, about how the decisionmaking process interacts with other internal moderators and cues such as fatigue, IQ, substance misuse, mental disorder and personality variables.…”