Beyond opponent coding of facial identity: Evidence for an additional channel tuned to the average face.

Jeffery, Linda; Burton, Jason; Pond, Stephen; Clifford, Colin W. G.; Rhodes, Gillian

doi:10.1037/xhp0000427

Cited by 5 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 57 publications

(151 reference statements)

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“…Adapting to an anti-face reduces sensitivity to that face, causing a brief bias in perception away from that identity and toward its corresponding face. Also consistent with opponent-channel coding, the more extreme the anti-face, the larger the perceptual bias that is observed (Jeffery et al, 2018;McKone et al, 2014). In addition, adaptation to a face produces a stronger aftereffect along the morphing dimension going to its corresponding anti-face (through the average) than along a dimension going to a second face, even when dissimilarity is matched (Rhodes & Jeffery, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 54%

“…A working hypothesis Figure 9 shows a plausible mechanistic explanation for the effects of categorization training observed in the present experiments (for mathematical details of the model, see the Appendix). Note first that we follow here previous authors in modeling the response of opponent channels to stimuli changing along a single dimension (going from a parent face to its anti-parent; see McKone et al, 2014;Jeffery et al, 2018), although in reality, such dimension would be embedded in a multidimensional face space (Valentine et al, 2016). The first channel, represented by the solid teal curves, responds more strongly to faces that are more similar to the parent identity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…However, most of the direct evidence for such mechanisms comes from studies in early visual cortex using simple visual stimuli; it remains unknown which of those mechanisms acts in the case of face adaptation. In addition, divisive scaling has been widely used in prior modeling work (e.g., McKone et al, 2014;Jeffery et al, 2018;Giese & Leopold, 2005;Ross et al, 2013;Series et al, 2009) to explain a variety of psychophysical (McKone et al, 2014;Jeffery et al, 2018;Ross et al, 2013;Series et al, 2009) and neuroimaging (Alink et al, 2018) observations. These very simple assumptions, plus a decision rule based on the ratio rule (Luce, 1959), are all that is necessary to explain the effects of categorization training observed when the global average was used as a target (0% morphing in Figure 9b).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Adaptation aftereffects reveal how categorization training changes the encoding of face identity

2020

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Previous research suggests that learning to categorize faces along a novel dimension changes the perceptual representation of such dimension, increasing its discriminability, its invariance, and the information used to identify faces varying along the dimension. A common interpretation of these results is that categorization training promotes the creation of novel dimensions, rather than simply the enhancement of already existing representations. Here, we trained a group of participants to categorize faces that varied along two morphing dimensions, one of them relevant to the categorization task and the other irrelevant to the task. An untrained group did not receive such categorization training. In three experiments, we used face adaptation aftereffects to explore how categorization training changes the encoding of face identities at the extremes of the category-relevant dimension and whether such training produces encoding of the category-relevant dimension as a preferred direction in face space. The pattern of results suggests that categorization training enhances the already existing norm-based coding of face identity, rather than creating novel category-relevant representations. We formalized this conclusion in a model that explains the most important results in our experiments and serves as a working hypothesis for future work in this area.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 54%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Adaptation aftereffects reveal how categorization training changes the encoding of face identity

2020

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show abstract

“…A working hypothesis Figure 9 shows a plausible mechanistic explanation for the effects of categorization training observed in the present experiments (for mathematical details of the model, see the Appendix). Note first that we follow here previous authors in modeling the response of opponent channels to stimuli changing along a single dimension (going from a parent face to its anti-parent; see Jeffery et al, 2018;McKone et al, 2014), although in reality such dimension would be embedded in a multi-dimensional face space (Valentine et al, 2016). The first channel, represented by the solid teal curves, responds more strongly to faces that are more similar to the parent identity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…However, most of the direct evidence for such mechanisms comes from studies in early visual cortex using simple visual stimuli; it remains unknown which of those mechanisms acts in the case of face adaptation. In addition, divisive scaling has been widely used in prior modeling work (e.g., Giese & Leopold, 2005;Jeffery et al, 2018;McKone et al, 2014;Ross et al, 2013;Series et al, 2009) to explain a variety of psychophysical (Jeffery et al, 2018;McKone et al, 2014;Ross et al, 2013;Series et al, 2009) and neuroimaging (Alink et al, 2018) observations. These very simple assumptions, plus a decision rule based on the ratio rule (Luce, 1959), are all that's necessary to explain the effects of categorization training observed when the global average was used as a target (0% morphing in Figure 9b).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptation aftereffects reveal how categorization training changes the encoding of face identity

Soto¹,

Escobar²,

Salan³

2020

Preprint

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Previous research suggests that learning to categorize faces along a novel dimension changes the perceptual representation of such dimension, increasing its discriminability, its invariance, and the information used to identify faces varying along the dimension. A common interpretation of these results is that categorization training promotes the creation of novel dimensions, rather than simply the enhancement of already-existing representations. Here, we trained a group of participants to categorize faces that varied along two morphing dimensions, one of them relevant to the categorization task and the other irrelevant to the task. An untrained group did not receive such categorization training. In three experiments, we used face adaptation aftereffects to explore how categorization training changes the encoding of face identities at the extremes of the category-relevant dimension, and whether such training produces encoding of the category-relevant dimension as a preferred direction in face space. The pattern of results suggests that categorization training enhances the already-existing norm-based coding of face identity, rather than creating novel category-relevant representations. We formalized this conclusion in a model that explains the most important results in our experiments and serves as a working hypothesis for future work in this area.

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Looking more masculine among females: Spatial context modulates gender perception of face and biological motion

Liu

Cheng

Yuan

et al. 2022

British J of Psychology

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Perception of visual information highly depends on spatial context. For instance, perception of a low-level visual feature, such as orientation, can be shifted away from its surrounding context, exhibiting a simultaneous contrast effect. Although previous studies have demonstrated the adaptation aftereffect of gender, a high-level visual feature, it remains largely unknown whether gender perception can also be shaped by a simultaneously presented context. In the present study, we found that the gender perception of a central face or a point-light walker was repelled away from the gender of its surrounding faces or walkers. A norm-based opponent model of lateral inhibition, which accounts for the adaptation aftereffect of high-level features, can also excellently fit the simultaneous contrast effect. But different from the reported contextual effect of low-level features, the simultaneous contrast effect of gender cannot be observed when the centre and the surrounding stimuli are from different categories, or when the surrounding stimuli are suppressed from awareness. These findings on one hand reveal a resemblance between the simultaneous contrast effect and the adaptation aftereffect of high-level features, on the other hand highlight different biological mechanisms underlying the contextual effects of low-and high-level visual features.

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Beyond opponent coding of facial identity: Evidence for an additional channel tuned to the average face.

Cited by 5 publications

References 57 publications

Adaptation aftereffects reveal how categorization training changes the encoding of face identity

Adaptation aftereffects reveal how categorization training changes the encoding of face identity

Adaptation aftereffects reveal how categorization training changes the encoding of face identity

Looking more masculine among females: Spatial context modulates gender perception of face and biological motion

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