Beyond “Homophobia”: Thinking about sexual prejudice and stigma in the twenty-first century

Herek, Gregory M.

doi:10.1525/srsp.2004.1.2.6

Cited by 728 publications

(589 citation statements)

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“…One variety of this discrimination and violence is homophobia. Homophobia is defined as hatred, fear or aversion towards lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people (henceforward referred to as LGBT) (Herek, 2004;UNESCO, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Association between internalized homophobia and mental health indicators in LGBT individuals in Mexico City

Lozano-Verduzco

Fernández-Niño

Baruch-Domínguez

2017

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Introduction. Mental health can be affected by social determinants, including discrimination and marginalization due to systems of oppression, such as heteronormativity. Objective. To analyze the association between internalized homophobia, homophobic violence, discrimination and community connectedness and alcohol use and depressive symptoms in LGBT individuals. Method. Cross-sectional study in which validated instruments for each variable were applied to a non-probabilistic and intentional sample of 2 846 LGBT individuals through face-to-face questioning during the Sexual Diversity and Pride Parade in Mexico City 2015 and by means of a digital survey tool. Binomial regression models were used to analyze associations between variables. Results. Homophobic discrimination and violence, as well as low community connectedness, positively related to depressive symptoms and alcohol use. Discussion and conclusion. Difficulties in the mental health of LGBT individuals are associated with sociocultural and internalized homophobia. Eradicating and minimizing homophobia would be useful to improve LGBT's mental health.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Firstly, hetero-sexism, understood as an ideological system that considers heterosexuality to be the only sexual norm and orientation (Herek, 2004). This ideology is inextricably linked to the alleged human need to reproduce that only categorizes people as male or female (Warner, 1993;Wittig, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between internalized homophobia and mental health indicators in LGBT individuals in Mexico City

Lozano-Verduzco

Fernández-Niño

Baruch-Domínguez

2017

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“…She interpreted this increased effort on the part of low-prejudice individuals as being intrinsically as opposed to extrinsically motivated. Herek (2004) claims that sexual prejudice does not always allow us to predict specific behaviors, but heterosexuals with a high level of sexual prejudice do tend to respond negatively to gay or lesbian subjects in a way that influences their behavior.…”

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confidence: 99%

Teachers' Attitudes and Beliefs about Homosexuality

et al. 2010

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Schools play a key role in transmitting attitudes towards sexual diversity. Many studies stress the importance of teachers' and other professionals' attitudes towards gay men and/or lesbian women. This study evaluates attitudes and prejudices toward homosexuality in a sample of 254 elementary and high school teachers in Barcelona and its surrounding area. The results obtained using a scale of overt and subtle prejudice and a scale of perceived discrepancy of values indicate that discrepancy between likely behavior and personal values was significantly greater in women, those who hold religious beliefs, churchgoers and people without any gay or lesbian acquaintances. Approximately 88% of the teachers showed no type of prejudiced attitudes towards gay men and lesbian women. The experience of proximity to gay men and/or lesbian women reduces not only the discrepancy between personal values and likely behavior but also the presence of homophobic prejudice. It would be advisable to expand specific teacher training in the subject of sexual diversity in order to reduce prejudicial attitudes, thus fostering non-stereotyped knowledge of homosexuality.Keywords: attitudes toward gay men and lesbian women, subtle prejudice, overt prejudice, homophobia, teachers.La escuela juega un rol clave en la transmisión de actitudes hacia la diversidad sexual. Muchos estudios subrayan la importancia de las actitudes de los profesores y de otros profesionales hacia hombres gay y/o mujeres lesbianas. Este estudio evalúa actitudes y prejuicios hacia la homosexualidad en una muestra de 254 profesores de escuelas de primaria y secundaria de Barcelona y su zona metropolitana. Los resultados obtenidos al aplicar una escala de prejuicio manifiesto y sutil, y una escala de discrepancia percibida de valores, indican que la discrepancia entre la conducta probable y los valores personales son significativamente mayores en mujeres, aquellos que tienen creencias religiosas, los que practican la religión y las personas que no conocen a gays o lesbianas. Aproximadamente el 88% de los profesores no mostraron ningún tipo de actitudes prejuiciosas hacia los gays y lesbianas. La experiencia de proximidad a hombres gay y/o mujeres lesbianas no sólo reduce la discrepancia entre los valores personales y la conducta probable sino también la presencia de prejuicio homófobo. Sería recomendable ampliar la formación específica del profesorado en el tema de la diversidad sexual para reducir actitudes prejuiciosas, fomentando así un conocimiento de la homosexualidad no estereotipado.

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“…This internalized homophobia may cause men to strive to maintain a stereotypic gender role, thus combating the effeminate assumptions assumed to accompany a gay identity (Herek, 2009;) and the related sexual stigma and prejudice of others (Herek, 2004(Herek, , 2007. As previously stated, internalized homophobia is best understood as the negative sense of self or personalized stigma that a sexual minority individual feels in being a member of a minority group (Kasubeck-West et al, 2008).…”

Section: Gay Men's Gender Role Strain and Internalized Homophobiamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Experiences of Gay, Military Men and the Impact on One's Sense of Masculinity

Alt¹,

Sahker²,

Gallenberg³

et al. 2014

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Part of the Educational Psychology CommonsRecommended Citation Alt, Marcus Christopher. "The experiences of gay, military men and the impact on one's sense of masculinity." PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) thesis, University of Iowa, 2015. http://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1948. Lastly, thank you to all the men who took part in this study. The courage shown in sharing your experiences is truly inspirational. You were the driving force behind this project and for that I am most appreciative. THE EXPERIENCES OF GAY, MILITARY MEN AND THE IMPACT ON ONE'S SENSEv ABSTRACT Literature has offered insight into aspects of traditional masculine gender norms in shaping expectations of soldiers (Arkin & Dobrofsky, 1978;Green et al., 2010;Johnson, 2010; Lorber & Garcia, 2010;Shawver, 1995), yet there has been little consideration of how these norms affect gay identified servicemen. For centuries, military policies have made efforts to restrict gay individuals from serving openly or at all, leading to inquiry about the effectiveness of these individuals as service members and the impact on unit cohesion (Burrelli, 2012; Parco & Levy, 2010;Shawver, 1995;Zellman, 1996). The current study examines the experiences of gay service men and the impact on the expression of their masculine and gay identity while in the military. The researcher explores the definition of masculinity in the military, its role in the expression of gay sexual identity, experiences of and participation in acts of homophobia by self or others, and participants' perception of the Don't Ask Don't Tell policy repeal, as it relates to their comfort with expressing their gay identity. vi PUBLIC ABSTRACTPrevious research has looked into the how masculinity is defined in the military and the expectations that many soldiers face in trying to live up to this standard (Arkin & Dobrofsky, 1978;Green et al., 2010;Johnson, 2010; Lorber & Garcia, 2010;Shawver, 1995). There is little consideration, however, for the impact of these expectations on gay service members. The current study examines the experiences of gay service men and the impact on how they express their sense of masculinity and gay identity while in the military. More specifically, this study seeks these individuals' definition of masculinity, how it impacted their expression of being gay, and their experience in serving under polices preventing them from serving openly. Overall, findings suggest that these men identified with the military's definition of masculinity and did not feel less masculine because of their sexual orientation. Further, they continued to gain acceptance of their sexual identity while serving, but feel that it will still take several years before gays are fully accepted in the military.vii

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Beyond “Homophobia”: Thinking about sexual prejudice and stigma in the twenty-first century

Cited by 728 publications

References 41 publications

Association between internalized homophobia and mental health indicators in LGBT individuals in Mexico City

Association between internalized homophobia and mental health indicators in LGBT individuals in Mexico City

Teachers' Attitudes and Beliefs about Homosexuality

The Experiences of Gay, Military Men and the Impact on One's Sense of Masculinity

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