Beyond goosebumps: Does the arrector pili muscle have a role in hair loss?

Torkamani, Niloufar; Rufaut, Nicholas W; Jones, Leslie; Sinclair, Rodney

doi:10.4103/0974-7753.139077

Cited by 36 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…APM can protect the bulge stem cells and maintain the follicular integrity16, while the bulge stem cells in turn may induce APM differentiation and anchorage to the bulge via producing a specialized basement membrane17. The APM-bulge connection plays a crucial role in the follicular morphogenesis and renewal16. Therefore, APM hyperplasia in BN might originate from bulge stem cells and then promote follicular renewal, which may partly explain the cause of the hairy presentation in BN.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinicopathological Features and Immunohistochemical Alterations of Keratinocyte Proliferation, Melanocyte Density, Smooth Muscle Hyperplasia and Nerve Fiber Distribution in Becker's Nevus

et al. 2016

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BackgroundAlthough Becker's nevus (BN) is a relatively common disease, the systematic studies of clinicopathological and immunohistochemical results are poorly reported.ObjectiveTo investigate the clinicopathological features and immunohistochemical alterations of keratinocyte proliferation, melanocyte density, smooth muscle hyperplasia and nerve fiber distribution in BN.MethodsClinical and pathological data were collected in 60 newly-diagnosed BN cases. Immunohistochemical stain of Ki-67, Melan-A, keratin 15, smooth muscle actin and protein gene product 9.5 was performed in 21 cases.ResultsThe median diagnostic and onset age was 17 and 12 years, respectively. Skin lesions usually appeared on the upper trunk and upper limbs. The pathological features included the rete ridge elongation and fusion and basal hyperpigmentation. Epidermal Ki-67, Melan-A and keratin 15 expression and dermal nerve fiber length were significantly higher in lesional and perilesional skin than in normal skin (p<0.05~0.01), while smooth muscle actin expression was upregulated only in skin lesion (p<0.05).ConclusionAlthough the clinical diagnosis of BN is often straightforward, histopathology is helpful to differentiate from other pigmentary disorders. The hyperproliferation of keratinocytes, melanocytes, arrector pili muscle and dermal nerve fibers could be involved in the pathogenesis of BN.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinicopathological Features and Immunohistochemical Alterations of Keratinocyte Proliferation, Melanocyte Density, Smooth Muscle Hyperplasia and Nerve Fiber Distribution in Becker's Nevus

et al. 2016

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“…Baldness occurs when all follicular units are miniaturized. The same miniaturization pattern and loss of muscle connection progressively continue until all follicular units are affected (8)(9)(10).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Clinical Results of Platelet-Rich Plasma Injection in the Treatment of Androgenetic Alopecia

Özer¹,

Çolak²

2019

eamr

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Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) represents a small volume of plasma in which the platelet concentration in normal blood is increased to optimum values. Its effect depends on the growth factors released from platelets. Although it has been investigated and used in many areas of plastic surgery, PRP injection has recently attracted interest in the treatment of hair loss. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of adjuvant therapy in patients with male and female alopecia by establishing a standard protocol for the preparation and application of PRP. Methods: Fifteen patients with mild to moderate androgenetic alopecia (Ludwig alopecia score I-II for women and Hamilton-Norwood score 1-4 for men) who had not received topical or systemic treatment for alopecia in the last 6 months were included in the study. Eleven of the patients were male and 4 were female. The mean age was 41 years (27-55). PRP was prepared using a single spin method with high acceleration force and low centrifugation time, and three sessions were performed with an interval of 3-4 weeks. Patient satisfaction was assessed by visual analogue scale (VAS). The assessments on day 0, 1 st month, 2 nd month and 6 th month were evaluated retrospectively. Results: Hair pull test was positive in all patients (100%) before the treatment and the mean number of hair loss was 6.7. After the third treatment session, the hair pull test was negative in 13 patients (86.6%) with a mean of number of 2.5 hair loss. An improvement in hair density and quality was demonstrated with macroscopic photographs taken in a standard manner before and after the procedure. The mean VAS value decreased from 6.8 to 2.1 after the procedure. Discussion: PRP injections, which are prepared in a simple way without using a commercial kit, are an effective treatment option in alopecia treatment with high patient satisfaction and low cost.

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“…Arrector pili muscle fat degeneration in DM2 patients has also been described to be involved in hair loss (58, 59). Reduced circulating levels and resistance of insulin-like growth factor-I (60, 61) has been shown to cause early catagen, which is a cease in cell proliferation towards detention of hair growth (62).…”

Section: Evaluation Of the Hypothesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Hair follicle characteristics as early marker of Type 2 Diabetes

et al. 2016

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Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (DM2) includes a continuum of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia that causes several chronic long-term complications such as coronary artery disease, peripheral arterial disease, nephropathy, and neuropathy. The hair follicle could reveal signs of early vascular impairment, yet its relationship to early metabolic injuries has been largely ignored. We propose that in earlier stages of the continuum of DM2-related metabolic disorders, a group of susceptible patients who do not yet meet the diagnostic criteria to be considered as persons with DM2 may present chronic vascular impairment and end organ damage, including hair follicle damage, which can be evaluated to identify an early risk marker. This hypothesis is based in the association found between insulin resistance and alopecia in non-diabetic persons, and the hair loss on the lower limbs as a manifestation of long-term peripheral arterial disease among subjects with DM2. In order to test this hypothesis, studies are required to evaluate if hair follicle characteristics are related to and can predict hyperglycemic complications, and if they do so, which feature of the hair follicle, such as hair growth, best characterizes such DM2-related conditions. If this hypothesis were proven to be true, significant advances towards a personalized approach for early prevention strategies and management of DM2 would be made. By focusing on the hair follicles, early stages of metabolic-related organ damage could be identified using non-invasive low-cost techniques. In so doing, this approach could provide early identification of DM2-susceptible individuals and lead to the early initiation of adequate primary prevention strategies to reduce or avoid the onset of large internal organ damage.

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Beyond goosebumps: Does the arrector pili muscle have a role in hair loss?

Cited by 36 publications

References 64 publications

Clinicopathological Features and Immunohistochemical Alterations of Keratinocyte Proliferation, Melanocyte Density, Smooth Muscle Hyperplasia and Nerve Fiber Distribution in Becker's Nevus

Clinicopathological Features and Immunohistochemical Alterations of Keratinocyte Proliferation, Melanocyte Density, Smooth Muscle Hyperplasia and Nerve Fiber Distribution in Becker's Nevus

Clinical Results of Platelet-Rich Plasma Injection in the Treatment of Androgenetic Alopecia

Hair follicle characteristics as early marker of Type 2 Diabetes

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