“…For instance, Broberg and Egüez (2018) examine the efficiency of the housing stock in Sweden, where it is common that heating costs are included in the apartment rent so that there are no incentives for tenants to actively control their heating and ventilation behavior. Further, differences in energy efficiency measures between rental and owner-occupied properties were investigated for Ireland (Petrov and Ryan, 2021) and Germany (Singhal et al, 2023). Both studies find no significant divergence in the energy quality of properties according to the mode of tenure in the market of apartments.…”