Beyond general resistance training. Hypertrophy versus muscular endurance training as therapeutic interventions in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Acosta‐Manzano, Pedro; Rodriguez‐Ayllon, María; Acosta, Francisco M.; Niederseer, David; Niebauer, Josef

doi:10.1111/obr.13007

Cited by 31 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 104 publications

(216 reference statements)

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“…Resistance exercise has also been shown to improve markers of cardiovascular health (e.g., LDL cholesterol and blood pressure) [278,279], glycemic control (lower HbA1c and improved insulin sensitivity) [280,281], functional capacity [282,283], bone mineral density [284,285], body composition [283,286], sleep [287], and cognitive performance [288]. It should also be noted that regular exercise is known to improve immune function, a faculty that is particularly important in times of pandemic [126][127][128].…”

Section: Countermeasures To Prevent Sarcopenia During Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sarcopenia during COVID-19 lockdown restrictions: long-term health effects of short-term muscle loss

et al. 2020

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The COVID-19 pandemic is an extraordinary global emergency that has led to the implementation of unprecedented measures in order to stem the spread of the infection. Internationally, governments are enforcing measures such as travel bans, quarantine, isolation, and social distancing leading to an extended period of time at home. This has resulted in reductions in physical activity and changes in dietary intakes that have the potential to accelerate sarcopenia, a deterioration of muscle mass and function (more likely in older populations), as well as increases in body fat. These changes in body composition are associated with a number of chronic, lifestyle diseases including cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes, osteoporosis, frailty, cognitive decline, and depression. Furthermore, CVD, diabetes, and elevated body fat are associated with greater risk of COVID-19 infection and more severe symptomology, underscoring the importance of avoiding the development of such morbidities. Here we review mechanisms of sarcopenia and their relation to the current data on the effects of COVID-19 confinement on physical activity, dietary habits, sleep, and stress as well as extended bed rest due to COVID-19 hospitalization. The potential of these factors to lead to an increased likelihood of muscle loss and chronic disease will be discussed. By offering a number of home-based strategies including resistance exercise, higher protein intakes and supplementation, we can potentially guide public health authorities to avoid a lifestyle disease and rehabilitation crisis post-COVID-19. Such strategies may also serve as useful preventative measures for reducing the likelihood of sarcopenia in general and in the event of future periods of isolation.

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Section: Countermeasures To Prevent Sarcopenia During Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sarcopenia during COVID-19 lockdown restrictions: long-term health effects of short-term muscle loss

et al. 2020

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“…Research has also demonstrated that RT can improve cardiometabolic outcomes, such as increased insulin sensitivity and improved glycemic control, blood lipid profiles, and blood pressure (BP) in T2D [ 27 – 33 ]. RT is an effective intervention to manage T2D and offers a valid alternative to AT, which can be more difficult to perform in individuals with certain comorbidities associated with T2D, such as obesity, osteoarthritis, peripheral vascular disease, and other physical disabilities [ 33 , 34 ]. However, the onset of T2D can occur 4 to 7 years before clinical diagnosis, a time period in which the hyperglycemia-associated complications of T2D can manifest [ 35 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effectiveness of Resistance Training and Associated Program Characteristics in Patients at Risk for Type 2 Diabetes: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

et al. 2021

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Background Resistance training (RT) is an effective intervention for glycemic control and cardiometabolic health in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, the use of RT in individuals at risk for T2D to prevent or delay the onset of T2D, and RT program characteristics that are most effective are still unknown. The purpose of this review is to determine the effects of RT on cardiometabolic risk factors in those at risk for T2D and to examine RT program characteristics associated with intervention effectiveness. Methods PubMed, Cochrane, Web of Science, and Embase databases were systematically searched for published controlled trials that compared cardiometabolic outcomes in adults with cardiometabolic risk for those that underwent an RT intervention with those that did not. A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to determine the effect of RT on glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), body fat percentage (BF%), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglycerides (TG). Additional analyses examined effects of intervention duration and dietary intervention on FPG and TG. Results Fourteen trials with 668 participants were included. For RT compared to controls, the standardized mean difference (SMD) was −1.064 for HbA1c (95% confidence interval [CI] −1.802 to −0.327; p=0.005), −0.99 for FPG (95% CI −1.798 to −0.183; p=0.016), −0.933 for TC (95% CI −1.66 to −0.206; p=0.012), −0.840 for BF% (95% CI −1.429 to −0.251; p=0.005), −0.693 for HDL (95% CI −1.230 to −0.156; p=0.011), −1.03 for LDL (95% CI −2.03 to −0.050; p=0.039), and −0.705 for TG (95% CI −1.132 to −0.279; p=0.001). Conclusions RT is beneficial for improving glycemic control, BF%, and blood lipids in those at risk for diabetes. The addition of a dietary component did not result in larger reductions in FPG and TG than RT alone. PROSPERO Registration ID CRD42019122217

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“…Several previous meta-analyses reported a decrease in HbA 1c as a result of exercise [19−31]. However, the meta-analyses involved aerobic exercise or resistance training alone and the observed effects contained heterogeneity [19,20,22,23,30],…”

Section: Comparison With Other Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, this meta-analysis was limited to RCTs involving only supervised aerobic exercise [19]. Types of exercise have become more varied [11], and systematic reviews and metaanalyses have evaluated the effects of various forms of exercise, including resistance training [22,23], interval training [24], tai chi [27,29,30], yoga [28 −30], and aquatic exercise [31], on HbA 1c in T2DM patients. No systematic review and meta-analysis have evaluated all types of exercise.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relationship between the level of exercise and hemoglobin A1c in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2021

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Background: Several systematic reviews and meta-analyses reported that exercise improved hemoglobin A 1 c (HbA 1c ) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, but the improvement reported was heterogeneous. A difference in the level of exercise might be the reason for that heterogeneity.Objective: The aim of study was to evaluate the relationship between changes in HbA 1c and exercise levels when performing various types of exercise.Methods: The inclusion criteria were randomized controlled trials involving adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus and a mean age of ≥18 years, intervention involving exercise alone, the overall duration of intervention ≥12 weeks, and reporting HbA 1c . The mean difference (de ned as difference [intervention group value minus control group value] in change [ nal value minus baseline value] in the mean value) was calculated. Weighted mean difference (WMD) was de ned as the mean difference weighted by the inverse of the squared standard error for each study, and all WMDs were pooled as overall effects. A meta-regression analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between the exercise level and the WMD in HbA 1c . All analyses were performed using restricted maximum likelihood.Results: Forty-eight studies (2395 subjects) were analyzed. The pooled WMD in HbA 1c decreased signi cantly (−0.5% [95% con dence intervals: −0.6 to −0.4)]) but contained signi cant heterogeneity (Q=103.8, P<0.01; I 2 =36.6%). The pooled WMD in body mass index (BMI) decreased signi cantly (−0.55 kg/m 2 [95% con dence intervals: −0.58 to −0.51]) and did not contain heterogeneity (Q=25.8, P=0.99; I 2 =0.0%). A meta-regression analysis showed that the intensity (metabolic equivalents [METs]), time (min/session), or frequency (sessions/week) of exercise was not associated with the HbA 1c .However, the overall duration of exercise (weeks) was signi cantly associated with the WMD in HbA 1c (meta-regression coe cient: 0.01 [95% con dence intervals: 0.002 to 0.016]; R 2 =70.0%), and that result did not contain signi cant heterogeneity (P>0.05; I 2 =14.7%). Even when studies were limited to those involving mean age ≥40 years, mean baseline HbA 1c ≥6.5%, mean duration of type 2 diabetes mellitus ≥5.0 years, mean baseline BMI ≥30 kg/m 2 , calculation of the WMD in BMI, performance of aerobic exercise alone, or no inclusion of a high risk of bias, there was no change in these results.Conclusions: The exercise intervention decreased HbA 1c in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, but that change likely depended on the overall duration of exercise. HbA 1c may increase if exercise is continued, but at least continuing exercise is not necessarily bene cial for type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. This may be the result of intervention in the form of exercise alone. Key PointsThe intensity (METs), time (min/session), or frequency (sessions/week) of exercise was not associated with the HbA 1c in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.Since the overall duration of exercise (weeks) was associated with the HbA 1c , continuing exercise may ...

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Beyond general resistance training. Hypertrophy versus muscular endurance training as therapeutic interventions in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Cited by 31 publications

References 104 publications

Sarcopenia during COVID-19 lockdown restrictions: long-term health effects of short-term muscle loss

Sarcopenia during COVID-19 lockdown restrictions: long-term health effects of short-term muscle loss

Effectiveness of Resistance Training and Associated Program Characteristics in Patients at Risk for Type 2 Diabetes: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

The relationship between the level of exercise and hemoglobin A1c in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis

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