Beyond Function−Behavior−Structure

Dinar, Mahmoud; MacLellan, Christopher; Danielescu, Andreea; Shah, Jami J.; Langley, Pat

doi:10.1007/978-94-017-9112-0_28

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Because this paper focuses specifically on the tool and the ontology has been thoroughly described in previous papers, we will only focus on aspects of the ontology relevant to our tool and describe these aspects in the context of a running example. For a more detailed discussion of why we prefer this representation over the function-behavior-structure and structurebehavior-function ontologies, see the work of Dinar et al [22]. To summarize this discussion, problem maps are more expressive than previous ontologies in three respects: they can model requirements, disjunctive hierarchical structure among elements in each category (e.g., among requirements), and metacognitive issues that designers may consider during the design process.…”

Section: Representationmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

A Computational Aid for Problem Formulation in Early Conceptual Design

MacLellan¹,

Langley

Shah³

et al. 2013

Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering

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Conceptual design is a high-level cognitive activity that draws upon distinctive human mental abilities. An early and fundamental part of the design process is problem formulation, in which designers determine the structure of the problem space they will later search. Although many tools have been developed to aid the later stages of design, few tools exist that aid designers in the early stages. In this paper, we describe Problem Formulator, an interactive environment that focuses on this stage of the design process. This tool has representations and operations that let designers create, visualize, explore, and reflect on their formulations. Although this process remains entirely under the user's control, these capabilities make the system well positioned to aid the early stages of conceptual design. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4024714] Keywords: problem formulation, conceptual design, design representation, requirement analysis, computer-aided conceptual design Background and MotivationDesign is one of the most complex cognitive activities in which humans engage, involving sophisticated reasoning about specifications, functional devices, and how the latter satisfy the former. As such, design has long been recognized as standing to benefit from computational aids, and there have been many success stories in the general area of computer-aided design.However, nearly all work in this arena has focused on later stages of the design process, which involve determining the detailed structure of designed artifacts or deciding on specific values for their parameters. In contrast, the earlier, and equally important, stage of conceptual design, or problem formulation, has received relatively little attention. This phase plays a key role in the design enterprise, since it focuses on how one formulates the problem, which in turn constrains the alternatives considered during later stages. Thus, helping users generate promising conceptual designs early on will increase their chances of finding useful detailed designs later.One reason is that design tasks, as typically stated by customers or marketing departments, are incompletely and ambiguously specified. To make them operational, designers must often add requirements, clarify goals, identify trade-offs, and otherwise refine the specifications they have been provided. In other cases, to make the problem solvable they may even need to reject some facets of the specification. These activities occur largely during the conceptual period, although they may well incorporate feedback from later stages, especially when the designer encounters problems that lead him to reconsider earlier choices.There is also reason to believe that the formulation phase is the primary locus of creativity in the design process, particularly for nonroutine problems. Howard [1], in a review of both the design and psychology literature, provides evidence for this claim and identifies conceptual design and task analysis as the phases where the most creative output is produced. Furthermore, Christiaans [2] has discove...

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Section: Representationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Problem Formulator must represent these disjunctive protosolutions in an efficient manner. To this end, the system relies on the problem map [21][22][23] ontology shown in Fig. 1 for representing conceptual designs.…”

Section: Representationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Computational Aid for Problem Formulation in Early Conceptual Design

MacLellan¹,

Langley

Shah³

et al. 2013

Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering

Self Cite

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“…The two design theories answer the question ''function is realized through structure.'' Function behavior structure model 2,20,21 considered behavior as expected structure dynamic characteristics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research of the effectual action unit–based inverse method for solving the functional structure of design history

Jiang

2016

Advances in Mechanical Engineering

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The functional structure information of a design history is analyzed to capture product design intent information, which is significantly important for the rapid and efficient solving of local demand-varying designs. Based on the intent capture and reuse issues of the design histories of existing products, this study proposes the use of the effectual action unitbased inverse method to solve the functional structure of design history. Effects are regarded as an intermediary between functional requirements and principle solutions of design history. After the effectual action unit model is built, function unit synthesis could be constructed by effect function between the input and output parameters. The functional structure frame of design history is obtained by constructing the design history structure-principle-effect-function inverse solving model. The prototype system of the inverse solving of the functional structure of the complex electromechanical product-oriented design history is developed in this study. Moreover, the feasibility of the proposed method is verified using a new laptop as an example. Overall, design intent of design history can be described by the proposed method.

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“…The coding scheme has been used in a number of studies (Gero & McNeill, 1998; Kan et al, 2007; Bilda & Gero, 2008; Gero, 2010 b ). Recently, Dinar et al (2012) proposed the problem map model, which is another domain-independent coding scheme but intended to focus on the analysis of problem formulation in design.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design problem solving with biological analogies: A verbal protocol study

Cheong

Hallihan

Shu

2014

AIEDAM

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Biomimetic design applies biological analogies to solve design problems and has been known to produce innovative solutions. However, when designers are asked to perform biomimetic design, they often have difficulty recognizing analogies between design problems and biological phenomena. Therefore, this research aims to investigate designer behaviors that either hinder or promote the use of analogies in biomimetic design. A verbal protocol study was conducted on 30 engineering students working in small teams while participating in biomimetic design sessions. A coding scheme was developed to analyze cognitive processes involved in biomimetic design. We observed that teams were less likely to apply overall biological analogies if they tended to recall existing solutions that could be easily associated with specific superficial or functional characteristics of biological phenomena. We also found that the tendency to evaluate ideas, which reflects critical thinking, correlates with the likelihood of identifying overall biological analogies. Insights from this paper may contribute toward developing generalized methods to facilitate biomimetic design.

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Beyond Function−Behavior−Structure

Cited by 4 publications

References 27 publications

A Computational Aid for Problem Formulation in Early Conceptual Design

A Computational Aid for Problem Formulation in Early Conceptual Design

Research of the effectual action unit–based inverse method for solving the functional structure of design history

Design problem solving with biological analogies: A verbal protocol study

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