Beyond dermal exposure: The respiratory tract as a target organ in hazard assessments of cosmetic ingredients

Thá, Emanoela Lundgren; Canavez, Andrezza Di Pietro Micali; Schuck, Desirée Cigaran; Gagosian, Viviana Stephanie Costa; Lorencini, Márcio; Leme, Daniela Morais

doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104976

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 191 publications

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“…We tested polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG), a commonly-used thermoplastic with impact resistance, durability, ductility, chemical resistance properties well-suited to this application. To generate an anti-fogging solution for our clear face shields and masks, a major design challenge was the close proximity to nose and mouth (Rothe et al, 2011;Thá et al, 2021). We chose to pursue natural waxes as the main ingredient as they provided a natural, non-toxic solution that has a well-established track record of biological safety (ACT, 1984).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Durability and physical characterization of anti-fogging solution for 3D-printed clear masks and face shields

Gadhar,

Chechang,

Sales

et al. 2023

PeerJ Materials Science

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Background The COVID-19 pandemic brought forth the crucial roles of personal protective equipment (PPE) such as face masks and shields. Additive manufacturing with 3D printing enabled customization and generation of transparent PPEs. However, these devices were prone to condensation from normal breathing. This study was motivated to seek a safe, non-toxic, and durable anti-fogging solution. Methods We used additive 3D printing to generate the testing apparatus for contact angle, sliding angle, and surface contact testing. We examined several formulations of carnauba wax to beeswax in different solvents and spray-coated them on PETG transparent sheets to test contact and sliding angle, and transmittance. Further, the integrity of this surface following several disinfection methods such as detergent, isopropyl alcohol, or water alone with gauze, paper towels, and microfiber, along with disinfectant wipes, was assessed. Results The results indicate a 1:2 ratio of carnauba to beeswax in Acetone optimally generated a highly hydrophobic surface (contact angle 150.3 ± 2.1° and sliding angle 13.7 ± 2.1°) with maximal transmittance. The use of detergent for disinfection resulted in the complete removal of the anti-fogging coating, while isopropyl alcohol and gauze optimally maintained the integrity of the coated surface. Finally, the contact surface testing apparatus generated a light touch (5,000 N/m2) that demonstrated good integrity of the antifogging surface. Conclusions This study demonstrates that a simple natural wax hydrophobic formulation can serve as a safe, non-toxic, and sustainable anti-fogging coating for clear PPEs compared to several commercial solutions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Durability and physical characterization of anti-fogging solution for 3D-printed clear masks and face shields

Gadhar,

Chechang,

Sales

et al. 2023

PeerJ Materials Science

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“…Besides this it may also affect the nasal mucus membranes and oral passages which produce a burning sensation, choking, and coughing along with bronchial constriction. [76,77] In prolonged cases of inhalation of aldehydes, it may cause cancer, which was reported by a team led by Zhang, [78] and several others [76,79] while the smoke released from incense may cause nasal cancer. [74,80]…”

Section: Aldehydesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Fine Particulate Matters (PM₁₀, PM_2.5) from Incense Smokes on the Various Organ Systems: A Review of an Invisible Killer

Yadav,

Bijekar,

Gacem

et al. 2023

Part & Part Syst Charact

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The drastic increase in industrialization has led to numerous adverse effects on the environment and human health. Respiratory tract disorders are one of the major emerging global health issues that lead to a high mortality rate every year. The quality of indoor and outdoor air has lowered in the last decade.The quality of indoor air has deteriorated by cooking, smoking, and burning incense sticks or smoke. The smoke released from incense and incense sticks contains gaseous products (carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and oxide of sulfur), particular matter (PM10, PM2.5), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). These toxic components released from various incense sources pose a significant risk to human health and the environment. The inhalation and exposure of smoke from various incenses is hazardous to health as it inevitably culminates in deadly organ‐related diseases. With such insights, the present review article focuses on the characteristic attributes of particulate matter released from incense and other sources emphasizing healthcare and environmental concerns.

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“…On this basis, any substance that can induce sensitisation ought to be considered a potential ‘sensitiser’ in qualitative hazard assessment, regardless of the target organ (i.e. where clinical manifestations of sensitisation occur upon elicitation) (Thá et al 2021 ). Sensitisers that can be inhaled can in principle, then, also cause allergic asthma (or respiratory manifestations) in a previously sensitised individual.…”

Section: Issues To Be Considered For Respiratory Sensitisation Assess...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidential requirements for the regulatory hazard and risk assessment of respiratory sensitisers: methyl methacrylate as an example

Meek

Bridges

Fasey³

et al. 2023

Arch Toxicol

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This review addresses the need for a framework to increase the consistency, objectivity and transparency in the regulatory assessment of respiratory sensitisers and associated uncertainties. Principal issues are considered and illustrated through a case study (with methyl methacrylate). In the absence of test methods validated for regulatory use, formal documentation of the weight-of-evidence for hazard classification both at the level of integration of individual studies within lines of evidence and across a broad range of data streams was agreed to be critical for such a framework. An integrated approach is proposed to include not only occupational studies and clinical evidence for the regulatory assessment of respiratory sensitisers, but also information on structure and physical and chemical factors, predictive approaches such as structure activity analysis and in vitro and in vivo mechanistic and toxicokinetic findings. A weight-of-evidence protocol, incorporating integration of these sources of data based on predefined considerations, would contribute to transparency and consistency in the outcome of the assessment. In those cases where a decision may need to be taken on the basis of occupational findings alone, conclusions should be based on transparent weighting of relevant data on the observed prevalence of occupational asthma in various studies taking into account all relevant information including the range and nature of workplace exposures to the substance of interest, co-exposure to other chemicals and study quality.

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Beyond dermal exposure: The respiratory tract as a target organ in hazard assessments of cosmetic ingredients

Cited by 10 publications

References 191 publications

Durability and physical characterization of anti-fogging solution for 3D-printed clear masks and face shields

Durability and physical characterization of anti-fogging solution for 3D-printed clear masks and face shields

The Impact of Fine Particulate Matters (PM₁₀, PM_2.5) from Incense Smokes on the Various Organ Systems: A Review of an Invisible Killer

Evidential requirements for the regulatory hazard and risk assessment of respiratory sensitisers: methyl methacrylate as an example

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Beyond dermal exposure: The respiratory tract as a target organ in hazard assessments of cosmetic ingredients

Cited by 10 publications

References 191 publications

Durability and physical characterization of anti-fogging solution for 3D-printed clear masks and face shields

Durability and physical characterization of anti-fogging solution for 3D-printed clear masks and face shields

The Impact of Fine Particulate Matters (PM10, PM2.5) from Incense Smokes on the Various Organ Systems: A Review of an Invisible Killer

Evidential requirements for the regulatory hazard and risk assessment of respiratory sensitisers: methyl methacrylate as an example

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Product

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The Impact of Fine Particulate Matters (PM₁₀, PM_2.5) from Incense Smokes on the Various Organ Systems: A Review of an Invisible Killer