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Abstract:We examine how counselors, teachers, and other professionals at a secondary school in Madrid (Spain) understand cultural diversity and work with immigrant students' educational circumstances. Our analysis suggests that cultural diversity is largely construed as a problem and the explanation of educational difficulties is organized around an "externalizing logic" in which responsibility for educational outcomes is transferred to process and programs outside "ordinary" teachers' realm of action. We analyze these discourses and institutional practices from an ecological perspective: within the context of the local changing demographics of the school, regional/national policy measures around diversity and wider conceptualizations of cultural diversity in Spanish education.Keywords: secondary education, cultural diversity, Spain, immigration, professional Putting aside the scenario created by the current economic recession, immigration into Spain is a comparatively recent phenomenon and only became a visible social issue since the mid1990s. It has also been relatively intense within in a brief period of time, reshaping greatly the demographics of Spanish society and schools in less than two decades. For example, foreign immigrants currently comprise over 14% of the Spanish population, when this figure was around 2.5% in 1990, and has gone from representing less than 1% to close to 10% of the Spanish pre-university student body (Instituto de Formación del Profesorado, Investigación e Innovación Educativa 2011). Finally, these demographic trends are intertwined with larger socio-economic and socio-cultural changes and educational reforms implemented since the early 1990s aimed at turning Spain into a "modern post-industrial" society.These are well known statements in Spanish educational research and policy, which have been met with a plethora of studies and publications on the topic. Successive reports confirm that immigrant students in the Spanish educational system fair off worse than their peers who were born and grew up in Spain (e.g. and have put a strong emphasis on meeting all the "diverse needs" of students. But in these discussions, "diversity" is construed as a generic concept designed to encompass different cognitive, motor, and sensorial disabilities, as well as socio-cultural differences and explained by focusing on students' linguistic and family backgrounds, previous educational experiences, or community environments, rather than on classroom instructional strategies or teacher expectations, as factors that play a role in students' educational trajectories.Even though current policies outline in some detail these programs and professional roles, their insertion in the educational system is not an uncontroversial issue nor is placing students in these "alternative" programs a straightforward process. This is partly a product of some of the structural tensions arou...