Beyond 1 Tb/s Intra-Data Center Interconnect Technology: IM-DD OR Coherent?

Zhou, Xiang; Urata, R.; Liu, Hong

doi:10.1109/jlt.2019.2956779

Cited by 203 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…With the next generations of intra-DCI transceivers aiming for data rates of 800 Gb∕s and beyond, a potential move of coherent technology into the domain of intensity modulation and direct detection may be seen, as scaling of intensity modulated signals to higher capacity is increasingly challenging. 58 However, to meet the stringent power consumption target for intra-DCI transceivers, lightweight digital signal processing, lower power consumption components, and potentially a reduced coherent system will be required.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Taking silicon photonics modulators to a higher performance level: state-of-the-art and a review of new technologies

et al. 2021

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Optical links are moving to higher and higher transmission speeds while shrinking to shorter and shorter ranges where optical links are envisaged even at the chip scale. The scaling in data speed and span of the optical links demands modulators to be concurrently performant and cost-effective. Silicon photonics (SiPh), a photonic integrated circuit technology that leverages the fabrication sophistication of complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor technology, is well-positioned to deliver the performance, price, and manufacturing volume for the high-speed modulators of future optical communication links. SiPh has relied on the plasma dispersion effect, either in injection, depletion, or accumulation mode, to demonstrate efficient high-speed modulators. The high-speed plasma dispersion silicon modulators have been commercially deployed and have demonstrated excellent performance. Recent years have seen a paradigm shift where the integration of various electro-refractive and electro-absorptive materials has opened up additional routes toward performant SiPh modulators. These modulators are in the early years of their development. They promise to extend the performance beyond the limits set by the physical properties of silicon. The focus of our study is to provide a comprehensive review of contemporary (i.e., plasma dispersion modulators) and new modulator implementations that involve the integration of novel materials with SiPh.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Taking silicon photonics modulators to a higher performance level: state-of-the-art and a review of new technologies

et al. 2021

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“…The OSNR is primarily desired in optical networks, because it is directly related to the bit error rate (BER) and has an extremely important relation with automatic fault and diagnosis [4]. Modulation format is also a key parameter to be recognized since it is related to the optimized digital signal processing (DSP) in coherent receiver and elastic bandwidth access for optical network [5,6]. Recently, there is growing interest in deep learning (DL) which has been demonstrated its feasibility to realize different parameters' monitoring and overcome the bottleneck of monitoring when different impairments are physically inseparable in traditional OPM [7][8][9][10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Joint Modulation Format Identification and OSNR Monitoring Using Cascaded Neural Network With Transfer Learning

Zhang

et al. 2021

IEEE Photonics J.

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We propose a cascaded neural network (NN) to simultaneously identify the modulation formats and monitor the optical-signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR). In the second-level network, it is a single deep NN (DNN) rather than multiple sub-networks, which makes the architecture more compact and can save the resource for real implementation. However, since the data set is constituted from all modulation formats, the universality can be guaranteed but not for the accuracy and the complexity. To accelerate the estimation process and improve the accuracy, we introduce the transfer learning (TL) and reconstruct the data set with a part from all of the modulation formats for universality and another part from a specific modulation format for TL to pursue higher accuracy. In the experiment, we compare the proposed cascaded single neural network (CSNN) with or without TL, cascaded multiple neural networks (CMNN) and adaptive multi-task learning (MTL) for MFI and OSNR monitoring. In the first-level NN, all of the three schemes can achieve the accuracy of MFI as 100 %. In the second-level NN, the CSNN with TL (TL-CSNN) can significantly improve the training speed and decline the RMSE of 0.19 dB compared with CSNN without TL. The TL-CSNN also has faster convergence speed and is more stable compared with CMNN and adaptive MTL.

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“…However, we need to take into consideration the implementational complexity. Advanced modulation formats are also being extensively investigated to scale up the speed, even up to 1.6 TbE [37,38]. To gradually achieve this goal, we need to increase the baud rate of individual lanes even higher.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

100 Gbaud On–Off Keying/Pulse Amplitude Modulation Links in C-Band for Short-Reach Optical Interconnects

et al. 2021

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We experimentally evaluate the high-speed on–off keying (OOK) and four-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM4) transmitter’s performance in C-band for short-reach optical interconnects. We demonstrate up to 100 Gbaud OOK and PAM4 transmission over a 400 m standard single-mode fiber with a monolithically integrated externally modulated laser (EML) having 100 GHz 3 dB bandwidth with 2 dB ripple. We evaluate its capabilities to enable 800 GbE client-side links based on eight, and even four, optical lanes for optical interconnect applications. We study the equalizer’s complexity when increasing the baud rate of PAM4 signals. Furthermore, we extend our work with numerical simulations showing the required received optical power (ROP) for a certain bit error rate (BER) for the different combinations of the effective number of bits (ENOB) and extinction ratio (ER) at the transmitter. We also show a possibility to achieve around 1 km dispersion uncompensated transmission with a simple decision feedback equalizer (DFE) for a 100 Gbaud OOK, PAM4, and eight-level PAM (PAM8) link having the received power penalty of around 1 dB.

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Beyond 1 Tb/s Intra-Data Center Interconnect Technology: IM-DD OR Coherent?

Cited by 203 publications

References 16 publications

Taking silicon photonics modulators to a higher performance level: state-of-the-art and a review of new technologies

Taking silicon photonics modulators to a higher performance level: state-of-the-art and a review of new technologies

Joint Modulation Format Identification and OSNR Monitoring Using Cascaded Neural Network With Transfer Learning

100 Gbaud On–Off Keying/Pulse Amplitude Modulation Links in C-Band for Short-Reach Optical Interconnects

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