Beware of Mycoplasma Anti-immunoglobulin Strategies

Arfi, Yonathan; Lartigue, Carole; Sirand‐Pugnet, Pascal; Blanchard, Alain

doi:10.1128/mbio.01974-21

Cited by 19 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 100 publications

(97 reference statements)

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“…Twelve isolates had an aa change at position 316 in adh-2 (alcohol dehydrogenase), an aa positioned next to tetramere interface residue 315 of the protein involved in oxydoreductase activity. Lineage B was characterized by aa changes in 10 genes, including MIB ( Mycoplasma Ig-binding protein) and dnaK (protein chaperone belonging to the heat-shock protein 70 family), which play key roles in immune evasion and virulence [51–54] ( and Table S2). The upper segment of lineage B that comprises the most recent isolates is defined by aa change in eight genes where substitutions affect three sugar or glycerol ABC transporters, one rRNA processing isomerase and one ribonuclease ( and Table S2).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Polymorphisms Associated With Lineagesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genome-wide phylodynamic approach reveals the epidemic dynamics of the main Mycoplasma bovis subtype circulating in France

et al. 2023

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Mycoplasma bovis is a major aetiological agent of bovine respiratory disease worldwide. Genome-based analyses are increasingly being used to monitor the genetic diversity and global distribution of M. bovis , complementing existing subtyping schemes based on locus sequencing. However, these analyses have so far provided limited information on the spatiotemporal and population dynamics of circulating subtypes. Here we applied a genome-wide phylodynamic approach to explore the epidemic dynamics of 88 French M. bovis strains collected between 2000 and 2019 in France and belonging to the currently dominant polC subtype 2 (st2). A strong molecular clock signal detected in the genomic data enabled robust phylodynamic inferences, which estimated that the M. bovis st2 population in France is composed of two lineages that successively emerged from independent introductions of international strains. The first lineage appeared around 2000 and supplanted the previously established antimicrobial-susceptible polC subtype 1. The second lineage, which is likely more transmissible, progressively replaced the first M. bovis st2 lineage population from 2005 onward and became predominant after 2010. Analyses also showed a brief decline in this second M. bovis st2 lineage population in around 2011, possibly due to the challenge from the concurrent emergence of M. bovis polC subtype 3 in France. Finally, we identified non-synonymous mutations in genes associated with lineages, which raises prospects for identifying new surveillance molecular markers. A genome-wide phylodynamic approach provides valuable resources for monitoring the evolution and epidemic dynamics of circulating M. bovis subtypes, and may prove critical for developing more effective surveillance systems and disease control strategies.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Polymorphisms Associated With Lineagesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome-wide phylodynamic approach reveals the epidemic dynamics of the main Mycoplasma bovis subtype circulating in France

et al. 2023

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“…Many mycoplasmas, such as Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum , have been shown to contain a two-protein system known as the MIB-MIP system. The MIB-MIP system is composed of an Ig-binding protein (MIB) and an Ig protease (MIP), which are responsible for the capture and cleavage of IgG, respectively, and act as effective factors for evading the host immune system [ 82 , 106 ]. This indicates that M. genitalium may also possess similar strategies to evade or disrupt the immune response mediated by Igs.…”

Section: Evasion Of Host Immune System and Sustained Survivalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogenicity and virulence of Mycoplasma genitalium: Unraveling Ariadne’s Thread

Xiu

et al. 2022

Virulence

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Mycoplasma genitalium , a pathogen from class Mollicutes, has been linked to sexually transmitted diseases and sparked widespread concern. To adapt to its environment, M. genitalium has evolved specific adhesins and motility mechanisms that allow it to adhere to and invade various eukaryotic cells, thereby causing severe damage to the cells. Even though traditional exotoxins have not been identified, secreted nucleases or membrane lipoproteins have been shown to cause cell death and inflammatory injury in M. genitalium infection. However, as both innate and adaptive immune responses are important for controlling infection, the immune responses that develop upon infection do not necessarily eliminate the organism completely. Antigenic variation, detoxifying enzymes, immunoglobulins, neutrophil extracellular trap-degrading enzymes, cell invasion, and biofilm formation are important factors that help the pathogen overcome the host defence and cause chronic infections in susceptible individuals. Furthermore, M. genitalium can increase the susceptibility to several sexually transmitted pathogens, which significantly complicates the persistence and chronicity of M. genitalium infection. This review aimed to discuss the virulence factors of M. genitalium to shed light on its complex pathogenicity and pathogenesis of the infection.

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“…This may account for an unfavorable COVID-19 prognosis in patients with these disorders [214,215]. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2 may benefit from its association with Mycoplasma as this bacterium can directly block host immunoglobulins, protecting the virus [216,217]. This finding may be significant, as COVID-19 vaccines may be less effective in patients infected with Mycoplasma.…”

Section: Rethinking Mycoplasmamentioning

confidence: 99%

Long COVID and the Neuroendocrinology of Microbial Translocation Outside the GI Tract: Some Treatment Strategies

Sfera

Osorio

Hazan³

et al. 2022

Endocrines

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Similar to previous pandemics, COVID-19 has been succeeded by well-documented post-infectious sequelae, including chronic fatigue, cough, shortness of breath, myalgia, and concentration difficulties, which may last 5 to 12 weeks or longer after the acute phase of illness. Both the psychological stress of SARS-CoV-2 infection and being diagnosed with COVID-19 can upregulate cortisol, a stress hormone that disrupts the efferocytosis effectors, macrophages, and natural killer cells, leading to the excessive accumulation of senescent cells and disruption of biological barriers. This has been well-established in cancer patients who often experience unrelenting fatigue as well as gut and blood–brain barrier dysfunction upon treatment with senescence-inducing radiation or chemotherapy. In our previous research from 2020 and 2021, we linked COVID-19 to myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) via angiotensin II upregulation, premature endothelial senescence, intestinal barrier dysfunction, and microbial translocation from the gastrointestinal tract into the systemic circulation. In 2021 and 2022, these hypotheses were validated and SARS-CoV-2-induced cellular senescence as well as microbial translocation were documented in both acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, long COVID, and ME/CFS, connecting intestinal barrier dysfunction to disabling fatigue and specific infectious events. The purpose of this narrative review is to summarize what is currently known about host immune responses to translocated gut microbes and how these responses relate to fatiguing illnesses, including long COVID. To accomplish this goal, we examine the role of intestinal and blood–brain barriers in long COVID and other illnesses typified by chronic fatigue, with a special emphasis on commensal microbes functioning as viral reservoirs. Furthermore, we discuss the role of SARS-CoV-2/Mycoplasma coinfection in dysfunctional efferocytosis, emphasizing some potential novel treatment strategies, including the use of senotherapeutic drugs, HMGB1 inhibitors, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) blockers, and membrane lipid replacement.

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Beware of Mycoplasma Anti-immunoglobulin Strategies

Abstract: Mycoplasmas are small, genome-reduced bacteria. They are obligate parasites that can be found in a wide range of host species, including the majority of livestock animals and humans.

Cited by 19 publications

References 100 publications

Genome-wide phylodynamic approach reveals the epidemic dynamics of the main Mycoplasma bovis subtype circulating in France

Genome-wide phylodynamic approach reveals the epidemic dynamics of the main Mycoplasma bovis subtype circulating in France

Pathogenicity and virulence of Mycoplasma genitalium: Unraveling Ariadne’s Thread

Long COVID and the Neuroendocrinology of Microbial Translocation Outside the GI Tract: Some Treatment Strategies

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