Between foraging and farming: strategic responses to the Holocene Thermal Maximum in Southeast Asia

Oxenham, Marc; Trinh, Hiep Hoang; Willis, Anna; Jones, Rebecca; Domett, Kate; Castillo, Cristina; Wood, Rachel; Bellwood, Peter; Tromp, Monica; Kells, Ainslee; Piper, Philip; Pham, Son Thanh; Matsumura, Hirofumi; Buckley, Hallie R.

doi:10.15184/aqy.2018.69

Cited by 40 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…The cranio-morphological datasets in this study consistently confirm affinities with NEA-derived “second layer” populations at “Neolithic” sites dated between 5 kya and 4 kya in southern China and SEA and slightly later in Oceania. This relationship is corroborated by the fact that burial traditions at these locations involved extended-position interment, in contrast to the older flexed-position formats 39,41 . The findings are most striking in China and SEA, where archaeological records reveal “first layer” affinities for thousands of years in duration that suddenly were replaced across large geographic scales by groups of the “second layer”.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…8000 BP and 7000 BPCave sites in Pho Binh Gia, Cua Git, Lang Cuom, and Dong Thuoc 67 —n = 7H.M./MNHNCon Co NguaVietnamDa But Culture, between ca. 6700 BP and 6200 BPShell midden in Thanh Hoa Province 39, 68 M.O., H.H.T., A.W., K.D, L.C.N., H.M.n = 36H.M./VKCHJomonJapanMiddle-latest Phase between ca. 5000 BP and 2300 BPKnown from across the whole of Japan 69 — 71, 107 ♦ Neolithic SeriesXitouChinaTanshishan Culture, between ca.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2) reveals that all of the analyzed Hoabinhian remains from Vietnam and Malaysia shared cranial characteristics with Australo-Papuans. These traits were retained into later post-Hoabinhian hunter-gatherer contexts, including the shell midden site of Con Co Ngua (Vietnam), dated around 6.5 kya 39 . Likewise, the remains of hunter-gatherers recovered from the ca.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Craniometrics Reveal “Two Layers” of Prehistoric Human Dispersal in Eastern Eurasia

Matsumura

Hung

Higham

et al. 2019

Sci Rep

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This cranio-morphometric study emphasizes a “two-layer model” for eastern Eurasian anatomically modern human (AMH) populations, based on large datasets of 89 population samples including findings directly from ancient archaeological contexts. Results suggest that an initial “first layer” of AMH had related closely to ancestral Andaman, Australian, Papuan, and Jomon groups who likely entered this region via the Southeast Asian landmass, prior to 65–50 kya. A later “second layer” shared strong cranial affinities with Siberians, implying a Northeast Asian source, evidenced by 9 kya in central China and then followed by expansions of descendant groups into Southeast Asia after 4 kya. These two populations shared limited initial exchange, and the second layer grew at a faster rate and in greater numbers, linked with contexts of farming that may have supported increased population densities. Clear dichotomization between the two layers implies a temporally deep divergence of distinct migration routes for AMH through both southern and northern Eurasia.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Craniometrics Reveal “Two Layers” of Prehistoric Human Dispersal in Eastern Eurasia

Matsumura

Hung

Higham

et al. 2019

Sci Rep

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“…In January, the minimum average temperature in Northern Vietnam is 12°C and 14.3°C specifically for Ninh Binh province where Man Bac is situated . The temperature during the early Neolithic of Vietnam may have been slightly elevated compared to the present day due to the termination of the mid-Holocene Thermal Maximum at around 3000B.C., which was marked by higher temperatures and rainfall (Oxenham et al 2018). While there are no historic reports of endemic syphilis in the region, North Vietnam becomes cold and dry during the winter months, which is more suitable for the endemic form.…”

Section: Pathophysiology Of Treponemal Disease In M20 and M29mentioning

confidence: 93%

“…resulted in epidemiological transitions as farming practices encouraged sedentism, population growth and increased susceptibility to infection due to nutritional stress(Armelagos and Cohen 1984;Cohen and Crane-Kramer 2007; Larsen 2006). In northern Vietnam, this subsistence change may have led to different epidemiological pressures in the communities with no distinct decline in health as pre-Neolithic sedentary foragers also had high disease burdens(Oxenham et al 2018). Signs of multi-nutrient deficiency throughout the life of M20 and M29 is further supported by considerably high levels of stress identified in other dental and skeletal evidence from the site (McDonell andOxenham 2014;Oxenham and Domett 2011).…”

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confidence: 99%

Two Probable Cases of Infection with Treponema pallidum during the Neolithic Period in Northern Vietnam (ca. 2000–1500 B.C.)

Vlok¹,

Oxenham²,

Domett³

et al. 2020

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Skeletal evidence of two probable cases of treponematosis, caused by infection with the bacterium Treponema pallidum, from the northern Vietnamese early Neolithic site of Man Bac (1906–1523 cal B.C.) is described. The presence of nodes of subperiosteal new bone directly associated with superficial focal cavitations in a young adult male and a seven-year- old child are strongly diagnostic for treponemal disease. Climatic and epidemiological contexts suggest yaws (Treponema pallidum pertenue) as the most likely causative treponeme. This evidence is the oldest discovered in the Asia-Pacific region and is the first well-established pre-Columbian example in this region in terms of diagnosis and secure dating. The coastal ecology, sedentary settlement, and high fertility at the site of Man Bac all provided a biosocial context conducive to the spread of treponemal disease among inhabitants of the site. Co-morbidity with scurvy in both individuals demonstrates that malnutrition during the agricultural transition may have exacerbated the expression of treponematosis in this community. Man Bac is a site of great regional importance owing to its role during the Neolithic transition of Mainland Southeast Asia. During this transition, approximately 4,000 years ago, farmers migrating from southern China into Southeast Asia influenced a number of changes in subsistence and demography and potentially introduced new infectious diseases such as treponematosis to indigenous forager communities. The findings presented here may encourage reevaluation of existing Southeast Asian skeletal samples and demonstrate the importance of using weighted diagnostic criteria for future reporting of treponematosis cases. Hai trường hợp nhiều khả năng mắc bệnh ghẻ cóc do nhiễm vi khuẩn Treponema pallidum, thuộc di chỉ Mán Bạc sơ kì đá mới Việt Nam (cal 1906–1523 B.C.) được mô tả trên bằng chứng di cốt. Sự có mặt của các hạt xương mới dưới màng xương trực tiếp liên quan đến các lỗ ổ bề mặt ở một nam trẻ tuổi trưởng thành và một trẻ em 7 tuổi là chẩn đoán nhiều khả năng cho bệnh này. Bối cảnh khí hậu và dịch tễ học cho thấy bệnh ghẻ cóc do nhiễm xoắn khuẩn Treponema pallidum pertenue là nguyên nhân phổ biến nhất. Bằng chứng trên được phát hiện muộn nhất ở khu vực Châu Á-Thái Bình Dương và là một ví dụ điển hình đầu tiên giai đoạn tiền Columbia trong khu vực này dựa vào chẩn đoán và định niên đại chính xác. Sinh thái biển, lối sống ít di động, và tỷ lệ sinh sản cao ở di chỉ Mán Bạc, tất cả đã tạo ra sự tương tác giữa các yếu tố sinh học và xã hội thuận lợi cho việc lây lan bệnh ghẻ cóc giữa các cư dân thuộc di chỉ này. Cùng với đó là sự mắc bệnh thiếu vitamin C (scurvy) ở cả hai cá thể trên chỉ ra rằng sự suy dinh dưỡng trong suốt quá trình chuyển tiếp nông nghiệp có thể trầm trọng hơn và biểu hiện bệnh ghẻ cóc ở cộng đồng này. Mán Bạc là một di chỉ vùng quan trọng bởi vì nó nằm trong ranh giới giai đoạn chuyển tiếp Đá Mới của Đông Nam Á lục địa. Trong suốt bước chuyển này, khoảng 4000 năm cách đây, các cư dân nông nghiệp di cư từ miền nam Trung Quốc vào Đông Nam Á đã ảnh hưởng nhiều thay đổi trong phương thức sinh kế, dân số, và mang theo bệnh nhiễm trùng mới tiềm ẩn như là bệnh ghẻ cóc vào các cộng đồng nông nghiệp bản địa . Các phát hiện trình bày trên đây hi vọng sẽ là khởi đầu đánh giá lại về sự tồn tại các di cốt Đông Nam Á và minh họa tầm quan trọng của việc sử dụng tiêu chí chẩn đoán tin cậy về các trường hợp bệnh ghẻ cóc cho nghiên cứu tiếp theo.

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Integrating Bioarchaeology and Palaeodemography

McFadden¹,

Oxenham²

2023

Handbook of Archaeological Sciences

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Between foraging and farming: strategic responses to the Holocene Thermal Maximum in Southeast Asia

Cited by 40 publications

References 37 publications

Craniometrics Reveal “Two Layers” of Prehistoric Human Dispersal in Eastern Eurasia

Craniometrics Reveal “Two Layers” of Prehistoric Human Dispersal in Eastern Eurasia

Two Probable Cases of Infection with Treponema pallidum during the Neolithic Period in Northern Vietnam (ca. 2000–1500 B.C.)

Integrating Bioarchaeology and Palaeodemography

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