Between Fear and Hope: The Lived Experiences of Grandchildren of Holocaust Survivors: A Qualitative Systematic Literature Review

Greenfeld, Daliya; Harris, Nicholas C.; Jacobs, Nicky

doi:10.1080/15325024.2021.1905320

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…It appears that when Holocaust G3 felt it was necessary to protect their parents and prevent them from suffering, G2 felt higher secondary traumatization. It may be that the Holocaust G2 parent understood, through the involvement of Holocaust G3, that as previously noted, they often displayed similar patterns to their parents and passed on Holocaust themes (e.g., Greenfeld et al, 2022;Kellermann, 2009;Letzter-Pouw et al, 2014;Scharf & Mayseless, 2011;Wiseman & Barber, 2008), and this acknowledgment intensified their own secondary traumatization. Nevertheless, caution should be taken in interpreting these results as this study is cross-sectional; therefore, longitudinal studies should further examine these effects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

“…FAMILY INVOLVEMENT IN HOLOCAUST FAMILIES previously noted, they often displayed similar patterns to their parents and passed on Holocaust themes (e.g., Greenfeld et al, 2022;Kellermann, 2009;Letzter-Pouw et al, 2014;Scharf & Mayseless, 2011;Wiseman & Barber, 2008), and this acknowledgment intensified their own secondary traumatization. Nevertheless, caution should be taken in interpreting these results as this study is cross-sectional; therefore, longitudinal studies should further examine these effects.…”

Section: S389mentioning

confidence: 64%

“…Focusing on the family atmosphere, it has been suggested that despite the aspiration of Holocaust G2 to bring up their children divergently, they often exhibited comparable patterns as their parents. Consequently, Holocaust themes were passed on to Holocaust G3 (Greenfeld et al, 2022;Kellermann, 2009;Letzter-Pouw et al, 2014;Scharf & Mayseless, 2011;Wiseman & Barber, 2008). Additionally, Holocaust G3 with both Holocaust G2 parents described more negative perceptions of their parents, such as overinvolvement and overprotectiveness, in comparison to Holocaust G3 with only one Holocaust G2 parent (Scharf, 2007).…”

Section: Secondary Traumatization Among Holocaust G3mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Family involvement and secondary traumatization in Holocaust survivor families: An actor–partner interdependence model.

Greenblatt‐Kimron¹,

Shrira²,

Rubinstein³

et al. 2023

Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy

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Objective: The study aimed to examine the interpersonal relationships between family involvement (i.e., emotional and behavioral strategies that underscore family members’ well-being and familial legacy) and secondary traumatization (i.e., symptoms of distress resulting from close contact with a traumatized individual) in Holocaust survivors and comparison families. We assessed levels of family involvement and secondary traumatization in children and grandchildren of survivors (Holocaust G2 and G3) and comparisons. Next, we examined whether there are within and between generation relationships between family involvement and secondary traumatization (i.e., G2’s family involvement affects G3’s secondary traumatization and vice versa). Method: The sample included 92 Holocaust G2–G3 dyads and 67 equivalent comparison dyads (comparison G2 and G3 of European origin, whose parents or grandparents were not in Nazi/pro-Nazi dominated countries). Participants answered questionaries on background characteristics, family involvement, and secondary traumatization. Results: Secondary traumatization was significantly higher among Holocaust G2 and G3 than comparison G2 and G3, respectively. Family involvement was significantly higher among Holocaust G2 than comparison G2. An Actor–Partner Interdependence model showed that participants who reported greater family involvement reported higher secondary traumatization in all families (i.e., an actor effect). A significant partner effect was found only in Holocaust families. In these families, greater family involvement in one generation was related to higher secondary traumatization in the other generation. Conclusions: The findings suggest a unique interpersonal mechanism of intergenerational transmission of trauma in Holocaust families that appears to affect both generations, which may help design multigenerational interventions with survivor families, focusing on family involvement.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

Section: S389mentioning

confidence: 64%

Section: Secondary Traumatization Among Holocaust G3mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Family involvement and secondary traumatization in Holocaust survivor families: An actor–partner interdependence model.

Greenblatt‐Kimron¹,

Shrira²,

Rubinstein³

et al. 2023

Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy

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“…Adjustment and wellbeing can be seriously affected by traumatic events, such as natural and man-made disasters or historical traumas. From the perspective of the World War II (WWII) aftermath, it is important to study not only survivors’ adjustment and wellbeing but also their transmission of trauma onto the generations of their offspring ( Shrira et al, 2011 ; Danieli et al, 2016 ; Greenblatt-Kimron et al, 2021 ; Greenfeld et al, 2022 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wellbeing and national identity in three generations of Czech and Slovak Holocaust survivors

Preiss

Fňašková

Nečasová

et al. 2022

Front. Behav. Neurosci.

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Subjective wellbeing (SWB) is an important factor of global adjustment. Intergenerational satisfaction in seriously traumatized people has not been studied so far in homogenous populations of Central and Eastern Europe. This study focuses on the SWB in three generations of survivors living in the Czech Republic and Slovakia after World War II (WWII). The focal groups were Holocaust survivors (ages 71–95, n = 47), Holocaust survivors’ children (ages 30–73, n = 86), and their grandchildren (ages 15–48, n = 88), and they were compared to aged-matched groups without Holocaust history. The first and second generation of Holocaust survivors scored significantly lower than the comparison groups in wellbeing, as measured using the Schwartz Outcome Scale-10 (SOS-10). There was no significant difference in life satisfaction in any of the three generations. Within the focal group, identification as Jewish or as also Jewish was comparable in all three generations of Holocaust survivors (74% in the first, 79% in the second, and 66% in the third generation). Holocaust survivors declaring Jewish identity reported lower SWB compared to survivors declaring other than Jewish identity. The focal group generated more national identities than comparisons. The outcomes are discussed in the context of the history of Central and Eastern Europe.

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“…Although clinical questionnaires, scales, and surveys may identify underlying disorders, they may lack the capacity to elicit an understanding of grandchildren's experiences and uncover the meanings assigned to them. Last, most studies took place in Israel (Greenfeld et al, 2022), where the Holocaust and its related trauma take center stage in forming the national identity (Elon, 1981). The Holocaust is perceived as a legacy shared by almost all Israelis regardless of their familial history.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Living alongside past trauma: Lived experiences of Australian grandchildren of Holocaust survivors

2022

Self Cite

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Objective We explore the experience of intergenerational transmission of trauma in grandchildren of Holocaust survivors. Background Impacts of mass and collective trauma may exceed those initially affected to include the survivor's extended family and, thus, impact families for generations to come. Understanding these impacts is paramount to developing interventions and support programs for the survivors and their families. Method Fourteen semistructured interviews were conducted with randomly recruited 11 female and three male Australian grandchildren of Holocaust survivors (Mage = 36.5 years). Data were analyzed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Results Six main themes were identified: knowledge about the past, communication modes about the Holocaust, kinship with other descendants, emotional reactions, the meaning of the Holocaust, and impacts on present life. Conclusions The findings demonstrated that intergenerational transmission of trauma occurred and included both features of vulnerability and resilience. Although traumatic content was mainly transmitted through open communication, echoes of the past trauma were also transmitted nonverbally. Implications There is scope for developing and formulating guidelines for clinicians working with families of collective trauma survivors to educate the clients and support familial communication pathways. Additional clinical and research implications are discussed.

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Between Fear and Hope: The Lived Experiences of Grandchildren of Holocaust Survivors: A Qualitative Systematic Literature Review

Cited by 10 publications

References 39 publications

Family involvement and secondary traumatization in Holocaust survivor families: An actor–partner interdependence model.

Family involvement and secondary traumatization in Holocaust survivor families: An actor–partner interdependence model.

Wellbeing and national identity in three generations of Czech and Slovak Holocaust survivors

Living alongside past trauma: Lived experiences of Australian grandchildren of Holocaust survivors

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