“…As mentioned, the literature lacks a comprehensive conceptualization of CP in health care, especially for chronically ill patients. This study fills this gap by conceptualizing participation as a three-dimensional higher-order construct using the biopsychosocial model of treatment and TSR (Bilstein et al , 2022; Chen et al , 2022), which is currently a less focused area in the marketing literature on health care. Based on the findings of our study, patient participation emerged as a three-dimensional behavioral construct and is defined as “the extent to which patients provide or share information, involve in decision making and ensure compliance to the things advised by a healthcare provider.” The existing literature reveals that researchers are either using compliance (one dimension of participation) as a substitute measure for participation (Dellande et al , 2004; Guo et al , 2013; Hausman, 2004) or using CP as a composite measure (Chan et al , 2010; Gallan et al , 2013; Selvin et al , 2021; Yim et al , 2012) without recognizing the significance of each dimension separately.…”