Betaine + (Glycerol or Ethylene Glycol or Propylene Glycol) Deep Eutectic Solvents for Extractive Purification of Gasoline

Abstract

Deep eutectic solvents (DES), a class of 'green' solvents, are being tested for extractive desulfurization, denitrification and dearomatization of fuels. Here, three DESs were prepared by combining betaine (B) with glycerol (Gly), ethylene glycol (EG) or propylene glycol (PG) in the molar ratios of 1:3, 1:3 and 1:3.5, respectively. The DESs were used for the removal of thiophene, pyridine and toluene from a 6-component model gasoline and for the removal of sulfur and nitrogen compounds from a real fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) gasoline. Physical properties of the prepared DESs -density, viscosity, refractive index, specific conductance, thermal conductivity, temperature diffusivity and heat capacity were determined, too. All tested DESs exhibit higher potential for denitrification of model fuel with respect to desulfurization and dearomatization. B-PG 1:3.5 worked best in one-stage denitrification of both model gasoline (∼ 80%) and real FCC gasoline (∼ 36%). The reuse of solvent without loss in extraction efficiency in four extraction stages was successfully achieved for all three DESs by evaporation purification of DES between the stages.

Non-volatile conductive gels made from deep eutectic solvents and oxidised cellulose nanofibrils

“…51 The viscosity of the three pure DESs are known to decrease with temperature, as discussed elsewhere. [52][53][54] For example, ChCl-Gly decreases from 1.4 Pa s at 20 C to 0.069 Pa s at 60 C while ChCl-U goes from 1 Pa s to 0.054 Pa s across the same temperature range. 52,53 Fig.…”

Aqueous Co‐Solvent in Zwitterionic‐based Protic Ionic Liquids as Electrolytes in 2.0 V Supercapacitors

“…One could also wonder whether the hydrogen bond interaction between BET and EOA, the former playing the role of HBA and the latter of HBD, could produce a DES liquid at room temperature where MSAH or PTSAH would be eventually dissolved. Both BET‐based and EOA‐based DESs have indeed been described [34,35] . However, none of these DESs was liquid at room temperature when the HBA was mixed with the HBD in a 1 : 1 molar ratio.…”

“…Both BET-based and EOA-based DESs have indeed been described. [34,35] However, none of these DESs was liquid at room temperature when the HBA was mixed with the HBD in a 1 : 1 molar ratio.…”

Group contribution and atomic contribution models for the prediction of various physical properties of deep eutectic solvents

“…In order to develop the GC and AC models, the most up-to-date databanks of various types of DESs were collected from the literature. The databanks involved 1239 data points from 149 DESs for density 35 – 66 , 1117 data points from 142 DESs for refractive index 11 , 39 , 41 – 43 , 47 , 50 , 54 , 57 , 59 , 63 , 64 , 67 – 87 , 461 data points from 24 DESs for heat capacity 59 , 70 , 88 – 93 , 398 data points from 37 DESs for speed of sound 42 , 43 , 67 , 72 , 75 , 77 , 82 , 94 – 100 and 538 data points from 98 DESs for surface tension 47 , 63 , 71 , 80 , 86 , 87 , 101 – 116 . All of the data were at atmospheric pressure.…”