Betaine and homocysteine concentrations in foods

Sakamoto, Akiko; Nishimura, Yutaka; Ono, Hiroaki; Sakura, Nobuo

doi:10.1046/j.1442-200x.2002.01591.x

Cited by 62 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 13 publications

(21 reference statements)

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“…Betaine is an important human dietary nutrient obtained from a variety of foods (34), especially popular as a major component of Lycium chinensis fruit, which has long been used in tea and in traditional medicine to treat hepatic disorders (1). Betaine is a metabolite of choline and is also known as trimethylglycine (TMG).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-Related Differences in the Force Generation Capabilities and Tendon Extensibilities of Knee Extensors and Plantar Flexors in Men

Kubo

Ishida²,

Komuro³

et al. 2007

The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and M

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Betaine is an important human nutrient obtained from various foods. In the present study, we assessed the anti-inflammatory effect of betaine on nuclear factor-jB (NF-jB) during aging. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, ages 7 and 21 months, were used in this study. The older rats were fed betaine. To elucidate the effect of betaine on oxidative stress-induced NF-jB and its signaling pathway at molecular levels, YPEN-1 cells were used. Results showed that betaine suppressed NF-jB and its related gene expressions of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and intracellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in aged kidney. Furthermore, betaine attenuated oxidative stress-induced NF-jB via nuclear factor-inducing kinase/IjB kinase (NIK/IKK) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in the YPEN-1 cells. On the basis of these results, we concluded that betaine suppressed the age-related NF-jB activities associated with upregulated NIK/IKK and MAPKs that were induced by oxidative stress. Thus, betaine might be useful as a preventive agent against the activation of NF-jB induced during inflammation and aging.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-Related Differences in the Force Generation Capabilities and Tendon Extensibilities of Knee Extensors and Plantar Flexors in Men

Kubo

Ishida²,

Komuro³

et al. 2007

The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and M

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“…Choline showed a linear relation to betaine and was the strongest metabolic predictor of betaine, which could be explained by choline being the immediate precursor. Folate also showed a linear relation to betaine, suggesting common dietary sources 25 or a mutual sparing effect. Finally, the initial linear relationship between DMG and betaine at low DMG may reflect DMG production from betaine, whereas the plateau phase could be attributable to product inhibition of BHMT by DMG.…”

Section: Plasma Levels and Determinants Of Betaine Choline And Dmgmentioning

confidence: 94%

Betaine and Folate Status as Cooperative Determinants of Plasma Homocysteine in Humans

Holm

Ueland

Vollset

et al. 2005

ATVB

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Objective-Two published studies have demonstrated that betaine in the circulation is a determinant of plasma total homocysteine, but none had sufficient power to investigate the possible effect modification by folate status. Methods and Results-We measured homocysteine, betaine, folate, vitamin B 6 , and related compounds in serum/plasma from 500 healthy men and women aged 34 to 69 years before (fasting levels) and 6 hours after a standard methionine loading test. Choline, dimethylglycine, and folate were determinants of plasma betaine in a multiple regression model adjusting for age and sex. The increase in homocysteine after loading showed a strong inverse association with plasma betaine and a weaker inverse association with folate and vitamin B 6 . Fasting homocysteine showed a strong inverse relation to folate, a weak relation to plasma betaine, and no relation to vitamin B 6 . Notably, adjusted (for age and sex) dose-response curves for the postmethionine increase in homocysteine or fasting homocysteine versus betaine showed that the inverse associations were most pronounced at low serum folate, an observation that was confirmed by analyses of interaction. Conclusions-Collectively, these results show that plasma betaine is a strong determinant of increase in homocysteine after methionine loading, particularly in subjects with low folate status. Key Words: betaine Ⅲ choline Ⅲ homocysteine Ⅲ folate Ⅲ methionine T he concentration of total homocysteine (tHcy) in serum/ plasma is associated with risk of occlusive cardiovascular vascular disease (CVD). 1 Most studies have investigated basal concentration of tHcy, often obtained after an overnight fasting (fasting tHcy). The high concentration of tHcy detected after a standard methionine loading dose (postmethionine load [PML] tHcy) seems to be a risk factor independent of fasting tHcy, 2 and fasting and PML tHcy identify overlapping but also different subjects with hyperhomocysteinemia and increased CVD risk. 2 The PML increase in tHcy (PML ⌬tHcy) can be calculated as the difference between PML tHcy and fasting tHcy, but its separate role in CVD risk assessment is not settled.Determinants of fasting tHcy include genetic and a variety of lifestyle factors and pathologies. 3 Strong predictors of fasting tHcy include renal function and cobalamin and folate status. 2 The methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 677C3 T polymorphism is the most influential common genetic factor. 4 PML tHcy and ⌬tHcy have some determinants in common with fasting tHcy, including folate status and the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 677C3 T polymorphism, whereas renal function seems to have minor impact. Vitamin B 6 status has been reported to have a moderate effect on PML tHcy and a weaker or essentially no effect on fasting tHcy, 2 which is in agreement with the role of the vitamin B 6 -dependent transsulfuration pathway in degrading superfluous homocysteine. 5 The effect of these B vitamins are explained by their role in homocysteine metabolism, as depicted in Figure 1.Betaine (trimet...

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“…Choline is also essential for the synthesis of betaine, which comprises a two-step enzymatic process that takes place in the liver and kidney [16]. Betaine (trimethylglycine) is an important nutrient which is either synthesized de novo or obtained from food sources such as wheat, spinach, shellfish and sugar beets [17]. Betaine serves as a methyl donor in the betaine homocysteine methyltransferase (BMHT) reaction where it provides a methyl group to homocysteine in the formation of methionine [15].…”

Section: Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (Nafld)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Phosphatidylcholine functional foods and nutraceuticals: A potential approach to prevent non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease

Duric

Sivanesan

Bakovic

2012

Euro J Lipid Sci & Tech

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Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver condition in the developed world and may progress to more severe forms of disease such as cirrhosis or liver cancer. Thus, steps taken to reduce its prevalence through preventative nutritional approaches such as functional foods and nutraceuticals (FFN) should be pursued. It is well known that certain lipotropic nutrients such as choline and metabolites betaine and phosphatidylcholine (PC; lecithin) could prevent or alleviate fatty liver through a variety of mechanisms, including increased hepatic VLDL secretion. Animal and human studies have demonstrated clear protective effects of choline, betaine and PC for NAFLD as well as possible roles in CVD prevention from epidemiological data. Currently, choline consumption is below dietary recommendations due in large part to a general lack of understanding regarding the importance of this nutrient for human health. As lecithin is commonly added (in small amounts) in many processed foods due to its functional capabilities, it is projected that increasing its abundance in the food supply and increasing consumer education and acceptance of lecithin‐based functional foods and nutraceuticals may represent a progressive step towards preventing liver and whole‐body metabolic pathologies in many areas of the world.

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Betaine and homocysteine concentrations in foods

Abstract: Patients with homocystinuria do not have to be too concerned about Hcy in food items because the amount is small. Therefore, we encourage homocystinuria patients to continue a low Met diet therapy without anxiety of Hcy and Bet, and if necessary,Bet will be supplemented.

Cited by 62 publications

References 13 publications

Age-Related Differences in the Force Generation Capabilities and Tendon Extensibilities of Knee Extensors and Plantar Flexors in Men

Age-Related Differences in the Force Generation Capabilities and Tendon Extensibilities of Knee Extensors and Plantar Flexors in Men

Betaine and Folate Status as Cooperative Determinants of Plasma Homocysteine in Humans

Phosphatidylcholine functional foods and nutraceuticals: A potential approach to prevent non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease

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