Beta Carotene Therapy for Erythropoietic Protoporphyria and Other Photosensitivity Diseases

Mathews-Roth, Micheline M.; Pathak, Madhu A.; Fitzpatrick, Thomas B.; Harber, Leonard H.; Kass, Edward H.

doi:10.1001/archderm.1977.01640090077011

Cited by 164 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Carotenoids serve in a protective role against photosensitization, generating singlet oxygen via endogenous photosensitizers such as porphyrins. For example, β-carotene is an important micronutrient that effectively prevents lethal hematoporphyrin photosensitization in mice and is employed in the treatment of protoporphyrin-induced photosensitivity in the human genetic disease erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) [6,7]. However, its role (and that of other dietary carotenoids) in affecting a reduction in other serious diseases, for example, cancer and heart disease, are in question [8,9].…”

Section: Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As well as 1 O 2 , other reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be formed and these include peroxyl radicals, hydroxy radicals, the superoxide radical anion and hydrogen peroxide, and these can also lead to cell membrane damage [10][11][12], which is discussed further below. β-carotene is widely used to treat the skin photosensitivity which arises in EPP [13][14][15] but it is much less useful in ameliorating the photosensitivity associated with PCT [7]. However, it is possible that other carotenoids may be more effective and that combinations of antioxidants may enhance the protective effects.…”

Section: Porphyriamentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Benefits and Risks of Certain Dietary Carotenoids that Exhibit both Anti- and Pro-Oxidative Mechanisms—A Comprehensive Review

Boehm²,

et al. 2020

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Carotenoid pigments, particularly β-carotene and lycopene, are consumed in human foodstuffs and play a vital role in maintaining health. β-carotene is known to quench singlet oxygen and can have strong antioxidant activity. As such, it was proposed that β-carotene might reduce the risk of cancer. Epidemiological studies found inverse relationships between cancer risk and β-carotene intake or blood levels. However, clinical trials failed to support those findings and β-carotene supplementation actually increased lung cancer incidence in male smokers. Early experimental animal studies found dietary β-carotene inhibited UV-induced skin cancers. Later studies found that β-carotene supplementation exacerbated UV-carcinogenic expression. The discrepancies of these results were related to the type of diet the animals consumed. Lycopene has been associated with reduced risk of lethal stage prostate cancer. Other carotenoids, e.g., lutein and zeaxanthin, play a vital role in visual health. Numerous studies of molecular mechanisms to explain the carotenoids’ mode of action have centered on singlet oxygen, as well as radical reactions. In cellular systems, singlet oxygen quenching by carotenoids has been reported but is more complex than in organic solvents. In dietary β-carotene supplement studies, damaging pro-oxidant reactivity can also arise. Reasons for this switch are likely due to the properties of the carotenoid radicals themselves. Understanding singlet oxygen reactions and the anti-/pro-oxidant roles of carotenoids are of importance to photosynthesis, vision and cancer.

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Section: Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Porphyriamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Benefits and Risks of Certain Dietary Carotenoids that Exhibit both Anti- and Pro-Oxidative Mechanisms—A Comprehensive Review

Boehm²,

et al. 2020

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“…These toxicity trials led to @-carotene being placed in the US Food and Drug Administration category of 'foods generally recognized as safe' for use as a food colourant, in drugs and cosmetics and as a dietary supplement and nutrient (Office of Life Sciences Research, 1979). In addition @-carotene has been used for 30 years to treat patients with genetically inherited photosensitivities; in this context the ingestion of large amounts of pure @-carotene has not produced toxic sideeffects (Matthews-Roth, 1986). Some individuals taking supplements of > 30 mg/d may experience hypercarotenaemia but this disappears quickly after discontinuing the treatment, and it is a benign condition without permanent adverse effects.…”

Section: Carotenoidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional food science and defence against reactive oxidative species

et al. 1998

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This paper assesses critically the science base that underpins the argument that oxidative damage is a significant causative factor in the development of human diseases and that antioxidants are capable of preventing or ameliorating these disease processes. The assessment has been carried out under a number of headings, and some recommendations for future research are made based on the present day knowledge base.

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“…Results from these studies revealed that β-carotene significantly reduced the incidence of skin tumors and lowered the number of other tumors formed in these animals. Mathews-Roth et al showed how β-carotene ingestion affects the photosensitivity associated with erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) [36]. EPP is a genetic disease of porphyrin metabolism, in which protoporphyrin is the photosensitizer.…”

Section: Carotenoids and Carcinogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Free Radical Mediated Oxidative Degradation of Carotenes and Xanthophylls

Mordi¹,

Ademosun

Ajanaku

et al. 2020

Molecules

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This article reviews the excited-state quenching, pro-vitamin A activity and anticarcinogenicity of carotenes and xanthophylls in relation to their chemical structures. Excited-state quenching improved with the length of the conjugated chain structure. Pro-vitamin A activity was dependent on the presence of at least one beta-ionyl ring structure. The effectiveness of carotenoids as antioxidants depended on their ability to trap peroxyl radicals with production of resonance-stabilized carotenyl radicals. The products identified from oxidations of carotenes and xanthophylls with molecular oxygen and other oxidizing agents are presented. The free radical-mediated mechanisms that have been proposed to account for the different classes of products are reviewed.

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Beta Carotene Therapy for Erythropoietic Protoporphyria and Other Photosensitivity Diseases

Cited by 164 publications

References 10 publications

The Benefits and Risks of Certain Dietary Carotenoids that Exhibit both Anti- and Pro-Oxidative Mechanisms—A Comprehensive Review

The Benefits and Risks of Certain Dietary Carotenoids that Exhibit both Anti- and Pro-Oxidative Mechanisms—A Comprehensive Review

Functional food science and defence against reactive oxidative species

Free Radical Mediated Oxidative Degradation of Carotenes and Xanthophylls

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