“…Esmolol hydrochloride (Brevibloc, Baxter Healthcare) is commonly used in clinical practice as an ultra-short-acting  1 -blocker (4,19,20,30,51). With an elimination half-life of Ͻ10 min due to metabolism by red blood cell esterases and low lipid solubility, it is often administered as a bolus injection before transient stimulation such as laryngoscopy, cranial pinning, and electroconvulsive therapy (5,58). Indeed, comparative effectiveness studies in anesthetized patients have demonstrated that bolus injections of 20 -200 mg of esmolol attenuate HR responses to laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation (13,14,29,33,41,43).…”