Beta-blockers and salbutamol limited emotional memory disturbance and damage induced by orchiectomy in the rat hippocampus

Identification of two arylimides as cholinesterase inhibitors and testing of propranolol addition on impaired rat memory

“…The current assays suggest that apart from a noncompetitive effect, this compound has a lower potency as an inhibitor than that of the existing or proposed inhibitors. These findings are in agreement with previously reported data (Ciprés‐Flores et al, ; Dash et al, ; Whittaker, Wicks, & Britten, ). Despite this lower potency and the fact that the mechanism of propranolol is as yet undetermined, its attractiveness is the beneficial effect presently found on memory performance, having improved this parameter in both the short‐ and long‐term evaluations.…”

“…The performance of rats decreased on short‐ and long‐term memory evaluations after the orchiectomy, as previously reported, with a quite notable decrease observed for the long‐term memory evaluation (Ciprés‐Flores et al, ). This performance was improved in the short‐ or long‐term evaluation after 2 weeks with treatments with galantamine, arylimides, propranolol, or a combination of these compounds (Figures and ).…”

“…Additionally, owing to the innovative role described in the past few years for adrenergic pathways in memory modulation (Hernández‐Rodríguez et al, ; Liu, Ye, & Weinshenker, ; Lương & Nguyen, ; Wang & Xiang, ), as well as the suggested direct inhibition of AChE by propranolol (Dash, Azam, Gupta, & Baquer, ; Singh & Spassova, ), we evaluated the effect of memory performance upon combining each of the two AChE‐Is currently under study with propranolol. It is well known that the latter compound is an antagonist for beta‐adrenoceptors, that it exerts activity on the cholinergic system (Dash et al, ; Singh & Spassova, ), and that it is able to modulate the memory disturbance in the animal model of cognitive deficit used in this study (Ciprés‐Flores et al, ).…”

“…Additionally, diverse data have suggested the beneficial effect of adrenergic blockage as a potential tool for memory modulation (Ciprés‐Flores et al, ; Dash et al, ; Singh & Spassova, ). In this sense, basic research and clinical studies have provided evidence of the advantageous use of propranolol as a modulator of memory, particularly for emotional memory (Ciprés‐Flores et al, ; Cummins Jacklin et al, ; Lonergan, Olivera‐Figueroa, Pitman, & Brunet, ; Schramm, Everitt, & Milton, ).…”

“…Additionally, diverse data have suggested the beneficial effect of adrenergic blockage as a potential tool for memory modulation (Ciprés‐Flores et al, ; Dash et al, ; Singh & Spassova, ). In this sense, basic research and clinical studies have provided evidence of the advantageous use of propranolol as a modulator of memory, particularly for emotional memory (Ciprés‐Flores et al, ; Cummins Jacklin et al, ; Lonergan, Olivera‐Figueroa, Pitman, & Brunet, ; Schramm, Everitt, & Milton, ). It should be mentioned that although the main mechanism of action for propranolol is antagonism of beta‐adrenoceptors and its consequences on classical AMPc‐dependent or other pathways (Liu, Ma, et al, ), its ability to block some sodium channels or to act on AChE could modulate its effects, including those related to cognitive performance (Ciprés‐Flores et al, ; Dash et al, ; Dobarro, Gerenu, & Ramírez, ; Fabritz, Franz, Carmeliet, & Kirchhof, ).…”