Current production schemes for polyester fibres and textile and industrial yarn and the prospects for development of their production technology are examined. Changing to economical direct melt spinning processes and to use highly efficient units for separate and combined spinning-drawing of fibres and yarn spun from melt and granulate, increasing textile fibre spinning and texturing speeds, and introducing continuous process and product quality control systems are the main trends in the evolution of modern plants. Most of the attention is being focused on creating flexible process lines that make it possible to raise the quality, rapidly change the assortment, and manufacture products that satisfy market requirements.Polyester (PES) fibres and yarn made from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) have very high functional properties and are a major type of textile raw material. The evolution of their production in the world is determined by market requirements and is proceeding at rapid tempos in comparison to other kinds of synthetic fibres and yarn [1][2][3]. Market projections imply further stable growth of production and consumption of PES fibres and yarn in the world with increased investments in their development. An increase in demand for this type of raw materials has also been noticed in domestic practice, which makes work on updating and expanding existing and creating new polyester plants based on modern technologies urgent.The tough competitive battle for the domestic market requires manufacturers to create more efficient processes and technologically flexible units and reduce production costs while simultaneously expanding the product line and increasing its quality. For this reason, in the last 5-10 years, important changes in PES fibre and yarn production technology have taken place in the world. We will examine the current production schemes for PES fibres and yarn, emphasizing the new technological approaches in production. We will use published and brochure information on new equipment and processes from a number of existing firms such as Inventa-Fischer, Barmag, Neumag, DuPont, Zimmer, Acrodis, and others.Let us first consider the main developmental trends which will determine the progress in production of PES fibres and yarn [4].1. Creation of continuous, flexible production lines with direct spinning basically of fibres and high unit capacity. Production costs decrease with an increase in capacity. Creating lines with a minimum capacity of 50-60 tons/day (lines with capacities of 120, 200, and 600 tons/day and more are already being planned) is believed to be economically expedient. Flexibility of the lines is obtained by incorporation of TiO 2 , optical bleaches, dyes, and other additives in the melt after the finishing reactor. The output of units for direct spinning of the fibre and through granulate is primarily increased by increasing the number of spinneret holes. In spinning from granulate, the additives are incorporated in the form of polymer concentrates (master batch). The individual ope...