Best practices for physical activity programs and behavior counseling in older adult populations

Abstract

Physical activity offers one of the greatest opportunities for people to extend years of active independent life and reduce functional limitations. The purpose of this paper is to identify key practices for promoting physical activity in older adults, with a focus on older adults with chronic disease or low fitness and those with low levels of physical activity. Key practices identified in promotion activity in older adults include:(1) a multidimensional activity program that includes endurance, strength, balance, and flexibility training is optimal for health and functional benefits; (2) principles of behavior change, including social support, selfefficacy, active choices, health contracts, assurances of safety, and positive reinforcement, enhance adherence;(3) management of risk by beginning at low intensity but gradually increasing to moderate physical activity which has a better risk/benefit ratio should be the goal for older adults; (4) an emergency procedure plan is prudent for community-based programs; and (5) monitoring aerobic intensity is important for progression and for motivation. Selected content reviews of physical activity programming from major organizations and institutions are provided. Regular participation in physical activity is one of the most effective ways for older adults, including those with disabilities, to help prevent chronic disease, promote independence, and increase quality of life in old age.

Life resources and personal goals in old age

“…When health and functioning decline, people's interest in leisure-time activities typically declines and they redirect their focus to matters that are crucial for managing daily life (Schindler and Staudinger 2008). However, since physical activity benefits health and functioning in old age (Cress et al 2006), it would be important to support older people in setting appropriate physical activity goals. We reported earlier that physical activity goals correlate with a higher level of physical activity in old age even after adjustment for differences in health (Saajanaho et al 2014b).…”

Motivating and assisting physical exercise in independently living older adults: A pilot study

“…Each session is composed of 3 exercises, in which the elderly repeatedly (1-3 times) holds a certain position for several seconds (15-30 s). The training program follows best practices recommendations [31] and generally accepted training principles (e.g., is progressive in nature) [32]. An example of exercises is illustrated in Fig.…”

Barriers associated with exercise and community access for individuals with stroke

“…Reduced cardiorespiratory fitness associated with a lack of physical activity may be a secondary condition that limits the transfer of walking skills obtained during rehabilitation to the community [6]. Similarly, inadequate amounts of exercise can accelerate a person's functional decline and limit his or her ability to work, recreate, and engage in community events [7][8].…”