Besnoitia sp. from goats in Kenya

Heydorn, A. O.; Sénaud, J.; Mehlhorn, Heinz; Heinonen, Reijo

doi:10.1007/bf00927122

Cited by 20 publications

(16 citation statements)

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“…However, their life cycle is not known in several cases, while in others, only scarce data are available, although the transmission in the life cycles had been described in Besnoitia akondoni, Besnoitia darlingi, and Besnoitia orytofelisi (see review Mehlhorn et al 2009). Besnoitia besnoiti from cattle was originally described by Besnoit and Robin (1912) in France but became confirmed to occur in Israel, Southern Europe, Kasachstan, and South Korea, too (Heydorn et al 1984;Cortes et al 2006aCortes et al , b, 2007Buchev et al 2007;Bak et al 1968). Other species apparently occur in the USA in a variety of hosts (Dubey et al 2002Dubey and Lindsay 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…When studying the morphology of the cyst stages, it turned out that Besnoitia cysts represent a swollen host cell with hypertrophied nuclei which contain a parasitophorous vacuole with thousands of cyst merozoites (cystozoites) that reproduce by endodyogeny. When looking at their fine structure, the differences between the cysts within different hosts are rather low (D'Haese et al 1977;Sénaud and Mehlhorn 1978;Heydorn et al 1984;Ayroud et al 1995;Dubey and Lindsay 2003;Dubey et al , 2004Dubey et al , 2005aMehlhorn 2008;Mehlhorn et al 1974Mehlhorn et al , 2009, while there are many light microscopic papers (Bilgalke 1981;Bilgalke and Schoeman 1967;Davies et al 1936;Diesing et al 1988;Njenga et al 1999;Nobel et al 1977;Peteshev and Polomoshnov 1976;Scholtyseck et al 1973;Shkap et al 1995). Since the life cycle of B. besnoiti and its pathways of transmission are not known and since it occurred recently in the federal state of Bavaria, Germany (rather far away from its sites in Southern Europe; Mehlhorn et al 2009;Gollnick et al 2009), it seems important to compare known species at the level of molecular biological data in order to collect data which might help to elucidate pathways of transmission.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Molecular biological comparison of different Besnoitia species and stages from different countries

et al. 2010

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Besnoitia besnoiti tissue cysts from a recent outbreak in cattle in Germany were characterized with respect to their internal transcribed spacer regions 1, 2, and 18S rDNA gene sequences. These results were compared with own sequences of an Israelian isolate of B. besnoiti and of Besnoitia jellisoni cystozoites stored for years in liquid nitrogen. Furthermore, material was studied that was obtained from white mice (Balb/C) that had been successfully infected by intraperitoneal infection of fresh cystozoites from the German outbreak. All results were then compared and discussed with respect to databank sequences of other Besnoitia species. Comprehensive phylogenetic studies of B. besnoiti isolates from Germany revealed almost identical sequence alignments when compared to previously sequenced B. besnoiti isolates from Israel and Spain. More importantly, phylogenetic analysis revealed two distant clusters of Besnoitia species: the first one includes Besnoitia akodoni, Besnoitia darlingi, and Besnoitia oryctofelisi, while the second cluster includes B. besnoiti, Besnoitia bennetti, Besnoitia tarandi, and the Besnoitia species of rodents (B. jellisoni). The also B. jellisoni named species of the GenBank (AF 076860) must be another one, since our strain derives directly from Frenkel. These findings give strong hints that B. besnoiti has a cycle between rodents and a predator and that cattle and other are only accidental hosts.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Molecular biological comparison of different Besnoitia species and stages from different countries

et al. 2010

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“…The 22 microtubules are reported from B. jellisoni (Sheffield 1966), B. caprae (Heydorn et al 1984;Njenga et al 1995), B. besnoiti (Njenga et al 1995), and T. gondii (Sheffield and Melton 1968). It is reported that the microtubules in B. jellisoni and B. besnoiti extended posteriorly beyond the region of the nucleus and, in tangential sections, appeared curved, indicating that they were spiraling around the cell periphery (Sheffield 1966;Njenga et al 1995).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…However, the inner layer and the bradyzoites were stained with the antibodies indicating parasitic origin. Heydorn et al (1984) described the histological and ultrastructural appearance of Besnoitia cysts from the eyelid of goats in Kenya and showed that B. caprae bradyzoites had typical apicomplexa features, namely a three-layered pellicle, conoid, rhoptries, microtubules, micronemes, and polar ring. Similar features were reported for the related organisms, B. jellisoni (Sheffield 1966(Sheffield , 1968, B. besnoiti (Neuman 1974;Gobel et al 1985;Shkap et al 1988;Njenga et al 1995), and Toxoplasma gondii (Ogino and Yoneda 1966;Sheffield and Melton 1968;Aikawa et al 1977).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrastructure and pathology of Besnoitia caprae in the naturally infected goats of Kerman, East of Iran

Oryan

Azizi

2008

Parasitol Res

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A disease with clinical manifestations of thickening and alopecia of the skin over the lower limbs, around the eyes, face, and nose, thickening and shrinkage of the scrotum, and presence of white granular cysts in the sclero-conjunctiva in goats in Kerman Province, were reported to the Pathology Department of Shiraz Veterinary School. Primary histopathological studies demonstrated an outbreak of caprine besnoitiosis in this region. To study the histopathological and ultrastructural features of the disease, samples were collected from various organs of the suspected slaughtered goats for further investigations. In histopathological studies, dermis and subcutaneous fascia covering lower portion of the limbs, skin over frontal sinus, ear tips, scrotum, eye lids as well as the eye's sclera, epididymal and testicular parenchyma, and their tunics were severely infected with Besnoitia cysts. Tongue, pharynx, prepuce and penis, deeper striated muscles, subcutaneous bone matrices, abomasum, esophagus, subcutaneous tendons, and periosteal surfaces of the limb bones showed lower rates of infection. Except the vagina and vestibule, no cyst was observed in other female urogenital organs, the central nervous system, intestines, heart, liver, spleen, and different lymph nodes. The host reaction to the cysts was variable, ranging from the absence of inflammatory cells around intact normal cysts up to infiltration of macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils, fibroblasts, and connective tissues around the degenerated cysts. Ultrastructural studies showed this coccidian parasite belonged to eukaryotic protozoa, and the cystic form had the typical feature of the Besnoitia spp. of the apicomplexa. This study showed that the organism demonstrated ultrastructurally minor differences with other Besnoitia species infecting other animal species.

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“…Besnoitia besnoiti is a cystforming coccidian protozoan with an unknown life cycle, although the cysts that occur in infected ruminants are well described by light and transmission electron microscopy (Scholtyseck et al 1973;Mehlhorn et al 1974;D'Haese et al 1977;Heydorn et al 1984;Njenga et al 1995;Cortes et al 2007;Mehlhorn 2008). Many investigations confirmed that this species induces the so-called elephant-skin of cattle in Africa and Israel representing the leading symptom of the chronic phase of this disease, which is further characterized by hyposclerodermia, hyperkeratosis, alopecia, and local infections of the eyes, the ears, the legs and of spots along the back.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Another African disease in Central Europa: Besnoitiosis of cattle. I. Light and electron microscopical study

et al. 2008

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The paper reports the first detection of besnoitiosis of cattle in Germany. Just 2 years after the first appearance of the African Bluetongue disease (BTD) of cattle in Central Europe, another African agent of disease has arrived in Germany. While it was proven that the BTD virus was transmitted (after its first appearance) by endemic midges of the genus Culicoides (C. obsoletus, C. pulicaris), nothing is known, how the infectious stages of Besnoitia besnoiti-a member of the so-called cyst-forming coccidia-found their way to a herd in Southern Germany. The infected animals showed all characteristic clinical symptoms of besnoitiosis such as hyposclerodermia, hyperkeratosis, alopecia, and whitish tissue cysts in subcutaneous tissues as well as in the cornea. These cysts had diameters of up to 3 mm and consisted of a dense outer layer (=secondary cyst wall), which surrounded a host cell, that had been enormously enlarged by an inner parasitophorous vacuole containing thousands of 7-9 x 2 mum sized, banana-shaped cyst merozoites (=cystozoites, bradyzoites).Their fine structure was identical to that of published stages of B. besnoiti. During cyst development, the nucleus of the host cell had been hypertrophied and had apparently undergone several divisions, since many flattened, but very large nuclei were seen in light and electron microscopy. Thus, this study proves the arrival of another serious agent of disease of ruminants in Central Europe-a fact which is especially important, since in this species, there is neither information on the way of transmission from animal to animal nor exists concrete information on an efficacious therapy or on the modalities of its import into Germany.

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Besnoitia sp. from goats in Kenya

Abstract: The eyelids of goats in Kenya contained several, conspicuous white cysts which were up to 1.5 mm in size. By histological and electron microscopical studies it was confirmed that these cysts belong to the genus Besnoitia.

Cited by 20 publications

References 9 publications

Molecular biological comparison of different Besnoitia species and stages from different countries

Molecular biological comparison of different Besnoitia species and stages from different countries

Ultrastructure and pathology of Besnoitia caprae in the naturally infected goats of Kerman, East of Iran

Another African disease in Central Europa: Besnoitiosis of cattle. I. Light and electron microscopical study

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