Bermudagrass Responses and Tolerance to Salt Stress by the Physiological, Molecular Mechanisms and Proteomic Perspectives of Salinity Adaptation

Abstract

Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (commonly known as bermudagrass) is a member of the family Poaceae. It is a C4 grass that can grow annually and perennially with clone reproduction and seed-setting. It is not only used as forage but also as a weed in many crops. It grows along roadsides, in barren lands, irrigated lands, and seacoasts, where soil salinity is a major problem. Although bermudagrass is distributed worldwide, it shows limited growth under saline conditions. Under salt stress, the whole-plant growth is disturbed and the forage quality is compromised morphologically. At the physiological level, shoot development is affected owing to the resultant oxidative stress, although the total rate of photosynthesis is not greatly affected. Biochemical changes include a change in the K+/Na+ ratio; antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase and peroxide dismutase increase, while catalase activity slows down. The anatomical changes are visible as salt crystals on the leaf surface and salt glands on the mesophyll surface. In this paper, the morphological, physiological, biochemical, and proteomic mechanisms of bermudagrass under salt stress are discussed, drawing a study of several genes such as ECA4, RAN1, MHX1, psbA1, psbB1, psbP, and psbY at the molecular level. Therefore, the current review aims to understand how bermudagrass grows and adapts well under salt conditions.

Ultrastructural, Secondary Metabolite, and Antioxidant Modulation in Response to Salt-Affected Habitats Induced Oxidative Stress and Their Accumulation in Malva parviflora L. and Rumex dentatus L.

“…Salinity is one of the greatest abiotic stresses, which slows down plant development and causes many metabolic changes (Noor et al 2023;Sadak 2022). According to plants, salt tolerance is a hereditary trait that varies across species.…”

Turfgrass Salinity Stress and Tolerance—A Review

“…Genetic diversities ( Table 2 ) exist from a morphologic level to a molecular level among turfgrass germplasm resources [ 4 , 130 , 131 , 132 , 133 , 134 ], and the extents of variation in their salinity tolerance have been intensively studied. A salt-induced CdWRKY50 was isolated and analyzed in wild bermudagrass [ 135 ].…”

“…Salt- and antioxidant-related genes, including AtRD29A, AtRD29B, AtDREB2A, AtDREB2B, AtSOS1, AtSOS3, AtSOD1, and AtCAT1 were all clearly repressed in CdWRKY50-overexpressed Arabidopsis plants. In conclusion, CdWRKY50 plays a key role in the negative regulation of salt stress within bermudagrass, which provides a new perspective for the underlying molecular mechanism of the CdWRKY50 gene involved in salt stress response [ 134 , 135 ].…”

Crop Tolerance under Biotic and Abiotic Stresses

“…The current Special Issue, titled "Crop Tolerance under Biotic and Abiotic Stresses," compiles one review and eleven original research papers from several research groups worldwide, including China [3,4], Colombia [5], Egypt [6], Hungary [7], Korea [8], Nigeria [9], Saudi Arabia [10][11][12], Spain [13], and Taiwan [14]. Concerning the experimental conditions, seven of the research studies were designed under controlled growth conditions [4,[6][7][8]10,12,14], while the remaining four were field experiments [5,9,11,13].…”

“…Concerning the experimental conditions, seven of the research studies were designed under controlled growth conditions [4,[6][7][8]10,12,14], while the remaining four were field experiments [5,9,11,13]. Regarding the topics, three-quarters of the articles are concentrated on research related to abiotic stress, including multiple abiotic stresses [14], salinity [3,8,[10][11][12], drought [5,6] and herbicides [7]. Additionally, three papers address the subject of biotic stress [4,9,13].…”