Berkeley

Using Games to Present Economics to Managers: A Survey of the Literature

“…The book was divided along its centre, the first containing 176 printed pages outlining the rules of the game, etc., the second half containing token money and the special playing cards needed for the game. More recent examples of such games are: Leonard's (1965) 'Free Enterprise Game' illustrating the workings of supply and demand; Coleman and Harris' (1969) 'Economic System Game' designed to illustrate fundamental concepts such as diminishing marginal utility; Rausch and Cramer's (1968a and b) games, 'The Market' illustrating price formation, and 'The National Economy' designed to illustrate basic macroeconomic concepts: Walford's (1968) 'Export Drive Game' introducing players to the problems faced by exporters; a development of Attiyeh's game called 'Econex' (1970) (many versions and developments of which are in use at the Henley Management Centre); Bracken's (1974) game 'Economy' illustrating principles of regional and national economics; Elgood's (1973) 'Economania' and the game 'Economic Crisis' (1974) both of which simulate the circular flow of income and illustrate the importance of entrepreneurial expectations; 'Chancellor' (1977) which illustrates the problems of choosing the optimum point on voters' loss functions and provides players with a circular slide rule to allow them to calculate the effects of their chosen policies; Ellington and Addinall's (1978) 'Bruce Oil Game' illustrating the management of the offshore oil industry; Hines' (1983) 'Charting Success' which illustrates decision making in production marketing and finance set in the context of the pop music business; and Poleconomy (1983), another macro-based game which introduces a political element into the system. There are also several non-commercial games which require relatively simple and inexpensive equipment.…”

“Minima Sensibilia”in Berkeley and Hume

“…2 Yet it has been suggested that, although Berkeley and Hume employ the same terms, they nevertheless maintain different doctrines: Hume's minima are unextended, whereas Berkeley's are extended. 3 I shall argue, however, that they do not differ on this score. Although Berkeley's minima are usually 4 regarded as extended, I shall argue that Berkeley himself regarded them as extensionless.…”