Berberine Encapsulated Lecithin–Chitosan Nanoparticles as Innovative Wound Healing Agent in Type II Diabetes

Abstract

The aim of this research is to formulate a lecithin–chitosan based nanoparticulate system loaded with berberine (BER-LC-CTS-NPs) that could be integrated into a topically applied formulation and assessed for healing wounds in a diabetic animal model. In order to formulate BER-LC-CTS-NPs, soybean lecithin, isopropyl myristate, and berberine dispersed in ethanolic solution were added into an aqueous solution of chitosan dropwise with sonication. We assessed the influence of lecithin amount, chitosan amount, and isopropyl myristate concentration on particle diameter, zeta potential, and entrapment and employed a Box–Behnken statistical design. The resulting optimized BER-LC-CTS-NPs had a mean size of 168.4 nm, a surface charge of 33.1 mV, and entrapment of 82.3%. The optimized BER-LC-CTS-NPs showed a sustained in vitro release profile. Furthermore, the potential of the optimized BER-LC-CTS-NPs integrated into a topical gel formulation for wound healing in streptozocin-induced diabetic rats was assessed. Our findings show that combining chitosan and berberine in the nanoparticles produces a synergistic effect when it comes to wound healing. The optimized nanoparticulate system works by reducing inflammation, inducing blood vessels and fibroblast proliferation, and promoting mature collagen fibers deposition. Based on the experimental results, lecithin–chitosan nanoparticles loaded with berberine have evolved as a promising strategy for accelerating wound the healing process in diabetic patients. However, the clinical merits of the developed system need to be investigated in diabetic patients.

Bilosomes as a promising nanoplatform for oral delivery of an alkaloid nutraceutical: improved pharmacokinetic profile and snowballed hypoglycemic effect in diabetic rats

“…It has recently been shown to have therapeutic implications for type 2 diabetes therapy (Lee et al, 2006 ; Yin et al, 2008 ; Tian et al, 2016 ; Chen & Yang, 2017 ). BER may influence islet function in DM by reducing oxidative stress through the miR-106b/SIRT1 pathway (Panda et al, 2021 ). In diabetes patients, BER has been reported to promote insulin sensitivity and boost lipid and glucose metabolism by activating adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (Yin et al, 2012 ).…”

Lipid Nanocarriers Overlaid with Chitosan for Brain Delivery of Berberine via the Nasal Route

“…A comparative analysis of the responses was performed using Design Expert ® 12.0.3.0 (Stat-Ease Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA). Three-dimensional response surface plots were made in R using the plot3D R package [ 56 , 57 ]. Optimization parameters were chosen to minimize PS and maximize EE, ZP, and CDR to get the formulae with the most significant desirability factor.…”

Intranasal Delivery of Granisetron to the Brain via Nanostructured Cubosomes-Based In Situ Gel for Improved Management of Chemotherapy-Induced Emesis

“…As indicated in Table 1 , the number of experimental runs was fifteen formulations (12 formulations and 3 repeated central points). Using the plot3D package in R software, 3D surface graphs are plotted [ 24 , 25 ]. The optimization was set to minimum size and maximum surface charge and entrapment to obtain the formula with the maximum desirability [ 26 , 27 ].…”