Berberine Alleviates Adiposity and Cardiac Dysfunction in Offspring Exposed to Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract

The most robust risk factor for type 2 diabetes in childhood is prior exposure to diabetes during gestation. Currently, there are few evidence-based strategies to attenuate the of risk of metabolic syndrome in offspring exposed to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Berberine (BBR) is an isoquinoline alkaloid extracted from Chinese herbs and exhibits glucose lowering properties. It has been used safely for centuries in humans. Our objective was to determine whether BBR treatment improves health outcomes in the mouse offspring of GDM dams. Dams were fed either a lean low-fat diet (Lean, LF,10% kcal fat) or a GDM-inducing high-fat/high sucrose diet (GDM, HF, 45% kcal fat) prior to breeding and throughout pregnancy. The resulting Lean and GDM-exposed offspring were randomly assigned a LF, HF or HF diet containing BBR (160 mg/kg/d) for 12 weeks. We determined that BBR treatment significantly reduced body weight (∼20%), % body fat (∼40%) and gonadal fat pad mass (∼60%) compared to HF-fed GDM offspring. Furthermore, BBR treatment of HF-fed GDM offspring normalized insulin levels in the plasma and isolated pancreatic islets. Differences in food consumption did not contribute to altered body composition in BBR treated mice, as levels remained similar between experimental groups. Alternatively, BBR-treatment was associated with increased whole-body oxygen consumption (VO2), activity and heat production. Additionally, we determined that HF-fed GDM offspring developed a cardiomyopathy, characterized by increased isovolumetric contraction (∼150%, IVCT), relaxation time (∼70%, IVRT), elevated cardiac triglyceride (∼120%) and reduced mitochondrial function (30%, spare capacity) compared to LF fed Lean controls. BBR treatment normalized heart function, reduced triglyceride levels and maintained mitochondrial function. Our data supports BBR as a potential pharmacotherapeutic approach to improve health outcomes in individuals exposed to GDM.Key Points SummaryGestational diabetes mellitus is a common metabolic complication of pregnancy which is increasing worldwide due to the prevalence of obesity.It is known that individuals exposed to gestational diabetes have elevated risk of developing metabolic syndrome however there are few evidence-based strategies which provide protection.Berberine is a natural compound found in Chinese herbs which has been safely used for centuries to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus.We determined that berberine treatment of offspring exposed to gestational diabetes attenuated weight gain, reduced insulin levels and normalized both heart and pancreatic function.Our data supports berberine as a potential pharmacotherapeutic approach to improve health outcomes in individuals exposed to gestational diabetes.