Benzoylphenyl ureas as veterinary antiparasitics. An overview and outlook with emphasis on efficacy, usage and resistance

Abstract

Six benzoylphenyl ureas are currently used in formulations approved as veterinary medicines: diflubenzuron for fly control mainly on cattle, lice and blowfly strike control on sheep, and lice control on farmed salmonids; lufenuron for flea control on dogs and cats and for lice control on farmed salmonids; triflumuron for lice and blowfly strike control on sheep; fluazuron for tick control on cattle; teflubenzuron for lice control on farmed salmon; and novaluron for fly and tick control on cattle and for flea control on dogs. Resistance to diflubenzuron and triflumuron has already been reported for sheep body lice and blowflies, and to fluazuron in cattle ticks. These and other minor veterinary usages, as well as the current status of resistance, are reviewed and perspectives for future opportunities are discussed based on unexplored potentials and threats posed by future resistance development.

Management strategies to minimize the use of synthetic chemical acaricides in the control of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini, 1888) in an area highly favourable for its development in Argentina

“…However, after the reinstatement of Rhipicephalus ( Boophilus ) australis as a species distinct from R. microplus (Estrada‐Peña et al ., ), it became evident that the epidemiological data generated in Australia cannot be extrapolated to America because the populations from Australia and New Caledonia belong to R. australis and those distributed in America correspond to R. microplus (Estrada‐Peña et al ., ; Burger et al ., ). This has an effect on epidemiological inferences, but also on other aspects related to control such as acaricide dosage, as has been suggested, for example, in the case of fluazuron (Junquera et al ., ).…”

Efficacy of a combined insecticide–rodenticide product on ectoparasite and commensal rodent mortality

“…Fipronil also is persistent and accumulative, 62 may pose risks to nontarget vertebrates (see review 63 ) and invertebrates, 62 and the development of resistance may be an issue. 64,65 Consequences of rodenticide use and nontarget issues have been studied extensively. 66 Risk mitigation measures (RMMs), particularly professional training and best practice application to limit uptake by nontarget species, have been introduced at the EU and national level for the use of anticoagulant rodenticides in the biocide sector.…”

“…This can cause risk to nontarget species because of primary exposure if they can access bait 58–60 and secondary exposure via prey items that have consumed an anticoagulant rodenticide (see review 61 ). Fipronil also is persistent and accumulative, 62 may pose risks to nontarget vertebrates (see review 63 ) and invertebrates, 62 and the development of resistance may be an issue 64,65 …”

Evolution of salmon lice in response to management strategies: a review

“…The rapid emergence of emamectin resistance in the sea louse Caligus rogercresseyi in Chile was likely accelerated by the fact that this was the sole chemotherapeutant available in the country for seven years (Bravo et al 2008b). On the other hand, the relatively low use of benzoylphenyl ureas may explain why there have not been any reports of resistance to this treatment in salmon lice, despite resistance occurring regularly in other pest species (Junquera et al 2019).…”