Benzophenone: A Small Molecule Additive for Enhanced Performance and Stability of Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells

Phenolphthalein: A Potent Small-Molecule Additive for High-Performance and Ambient-Air-Stable FAPbI3 Perovskite Solar Cells

“…Moreover, peaks at 19.8, 24.3, 28.1, 31.4, and 34.6° are observed, corresponding to diffraction planes (011), (111), (002), (012), and (112), respectively, ,, which are associated with the cubic structure of α-FAPbI3. These peak intensities show a slight increase with an increase in the PHTH content in the perovskite solution.…”

“…A lower HI value indicates a reduction in ion migration through defect states, decreased charge recombination, and an overall enhancement in the performance of the device. The HI is computed using the following formula, P C E normalr normale normalv normale normalr normals normale − P C E normalf normalo normalr normalw normala normalr normald P C E normalr normale normalv normale normalr normals normale . ,, PCE reverse and PCE forward denote the PCE for the RS and FS directions, respectively.…”

“…A lower HI value indicates a reduction in ion migration through defect states, decreased charge recombination, and an overall enhancement in the performance of the device. The HI is computed using the following formula, . ,, PCE reverse and PCE forward denote the PCE for the RS and FS directions, respectively.…”

“…The underlying passivation mechanism remains consistent across these elements, wherein they are collectively employed to ameliorate under-coordinated and positively charged Pb 2+ sites through the provision of additional electrons. The wide availability of molecules containing these functional groups makes them ideal candidates for multifunctional passivation strategies, often incorporating N, O, or S atoms in their design. − …”

Silane Doping for Efficient Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells with Improved Defect Passivation and Device Stability

“…To achieve desirable perovskite films, additive engineering is one of the most effective approaches to regulate perovskite grain size, passivate film defects, and modulate energy levels, − thus improving the quality of perovskite films as well as the photovoltaic performance and stability of devices. Various types of additives have been utilized, including organic and inorganic cations such as MA + , Cs + , and K + , ,, anions such as −COOH , and −SCN, small molecules, − and polymers that act as Lewis bases. − It has been reported that amine additives play an active role in regulating perovskite grain sizes and passivating film defects.…”