Benzoic Acid Used as Food and Feed Additives Can Regulate Gut Functions

Mao, Xiangbing; Yang, Qing; Chen, Shuai; Yu, Bing; He, Jun

doi:10.1155/2019/5721585

Cited by 68 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…In order to determine the impact of benzoic acid alone or in combination with butyrate on nutrient digestibility, a negative control (basal diet) group was added at the University of Arkansas. Interestingly, we found that digestibility of dry matter, energy, nitrogen, ash, neutral-and acid-detergent fiber, and phosphorous increased in the pigs fed benzoic acid alone (BA), which is consistent with the higher numerical G:F observed in phase 3 and could be due to higher digestive enzyme activity [37,40]. The present study clearly demonstrated that benzoic acid further extended the benefits of butyrate into the late nursery period, which suggests synergistic effects existed between butyrate and benzoic acid.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Dietary Organic Acids Modulate Gut Microbiota and Improve Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs

et al. 2021

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Feed additives have been suggested to improve animal growth performance through modulating the gut microbiota. The hypothesis of this study was that the combination of two organic acids would exert synergistic effects on the growth performance and gut microbiota of weaning pigs. To test this hypothesis, we followed 398 weaning pigs from two university experiment stations (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) and University of Arkansas (UA)) to determine the effects of increasing levels (0%, 0.035%, 0.070%, and 0.105%) of sodium butyrate combined with 0.5% benzoic acid on the growth performance of nursery pigs. At the UA, an additional negative control diet was included and the gut microbiota analysis was carried out. At both universities, increasing levels of sodium butyrate in a diet containing 0.5% benzoic acid improved growth performance, which reached a plateau in the pigs fed 0.035% (SBA0.035) or 0.070% (SBA0.070) butyrate. Gut microbiota analysis revealed that pigs fed the SBA0.035 diet had more diverse microbiota and contained more potentially beneficial bacteria such as Oscillospira, Blautia, and Turicibacter and reduced levels of Veillonella and Sarcina. Results of the present study indicated that the inclusion of sodium butyrate at moderate levels in a diet containing 0.5% benzoic acid improved growth performance of weaning pigs and established potential health benefits on gut microbiota.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Dietary Organic Acids Modulate Gut Microbiota and Improve Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs

et al. 2021

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“…Generally, benzoic acid improves nutrient utilization mainly as a result of a stimulation of digestive enzymes production and activation, enhancing the villus/crypt ratio and absorption surface and improving of gut barrier function through non-specific barrier mechanisms, specific immunological responses, and microbiota composition. Nevertheless, the potential positive effects could be affected by several factors, such as age, dietary type and composition, and environment [ 68 ]. At the European level, it has been approved as a feed additive for pig nutrition only for weaned piglets and fattening pigs.…”

Section: Organic Acidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Given the many mechanisms involved in acid metabolism, these results could suggest that benzoic acid could be used to reduce the environmental footprint of pig production, in the case where microminerals requirements were exceeded. Regarding the suggested dose, benzoic acid should be applied in feeds, and studies have shown that excessive intake could induce dysfunction and damage of the liver, spleen, and lung, and trigger modification of gut morphology [ 55 , 68 ].…”

Section: Organic Acidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Supplementation of Inorganic, Organic, and Fatty Acids in Pig: A Review

Ferronato

Prandini

2020

Animals

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Reduction of antibiotic use has been a hot topic of research over the past decades. The European ban on growth-promoter use has increased the use of feed additivities that can enhance animal growth performance and health status, particularly during critical and stressful phases of life. Pig farming is characterized by several stressful periods, such as the weaning phase, and studies have suggested that the proper use of feed additives during stress could prevent disease and enhance performance through modulation of the gastrointestinal tract mucosa and microbiome. The types of feed additive include acids, minerals, prebiotics, probiotics, yeast, nucleotides, and phytoproducts. This review focuses on commonly used acids, classified as inorganic, organic, and fatty acids, and their beneficial and potential effects, which are widely reported in the bibliography. Acids have long been used as feed acidifiers and preservatives, and were more recently introduced into feed formulated for young pigs with the goal of stabilizing the stomach pH to offset their reduced digestive capacity. In addition, some organic acids represent intermediary products of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), and thus could be considered an energy source. Moreover, antimicrobial properties have been exploited to modulate microbiota populations and reduce pathogenic bacteria. Given these potential benefits, organic acids are no longer seen as simple acidifiers, but rather as growth promoters and potential antibiotic substitutes owing to their beneficial action on the gastrointestinal tract (GIT).

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“…Benzoic acid is a preservative added to food to prevent bacterial and fungal growth. Dietary and supplement benzoic acid were proved to reduce Lactobacillus and E. coli in pig intestines (Mao et al, 2019). Emulsifiers, such as carboxymethylcellulose and polysorbate-80, caused microbial dysbiosis in mice and promoted low-grade inflammation which is one of the causes of metabolic syndrome (Chassaing et al, 2015).…”

Section: Food Additives and Dietary Xenobioticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicomicrobiomics: The Human Microbiome vs. Pharmaceutical, Dietary, and Environmental Xenobiotics

et al. 2020

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The harmful impact of xenobiotics on the environment and human health is being more widely recognized; yet, inter-and intraindividual genetic variations among humans modulate the extent of harm, mostly through modulating the outcome of xenobiotic metabolism and detoxification. As the Human Genome Project revealed that host genetic, epigenetic, and regulatory variations could not sufficiently explain the complexity of interindividual variability in xenobiotics metabolism, its sequel, the Human Microbiome Project, is investigating how this variability may be influenced by human-associated microbial communities. Xenobioticmicrobiome relationships are mutual and dynamic. Not only does the human microbiome have a direct metabolizing potential on xenobiotics, but it can also influence the expression of the host metabolizing genes and the activity of host enzymes. On the other hand, xenobiotics may alter the microbiome composition, leading to a state of dysbiosis, which is linked to multiple diseases and adverse health outcomes, including increased toxicity of some xenobiotics. Toxicomicrobiomics studies these mutual influences between the everchanging microbiome cloud and xenobiotics of various origins, with emphasis on their fate and toxicity, as well the various classes of microbial xenobiotic-modifying enzymes. This review article discusses classic and recent findings in toxicomicrobiomics, with examples of interactions between gut, skin, urogenital, and oral microbiomes with pharmaceutical, foodderived, and environmental xenobiotics. The current state and future prospects of toxicomicrobiomic research are discussed, and the tools and strategies for performing such studies are thoroughly and critically compared.

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Benzoic Acid Used as Food and Feed Additives Can Regulate Gut Functions

Cited by 68 publications

References 42 publications

Dietary Organic Acids Modulate Gut Microbiota and Improve Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs

Dietary Organic Acids Modulate Gut Microbiota and Improve Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs

Dietary Supplementation of Inorganic, Organic, and Fatty Acids in Pig: A Review

Toxicomicrobiomics: The Human Microbiome vs. Pharmaceutical, Dietary, and Environmental Xenobiotics

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