Benzofuran derivatives and the thyroid

Han, Thang S.; Williams, Graham R.; Vanderpump, Mark

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03350.x

Cited by 57 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 77 publications

(90 reference statements)

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“…Distinguishing between AIT 1, AIT 2, or mixed/indefinite forms can be important to guide the subsequent management [1,48]. Mixed/indefinite forms of AIT, although not fully characterized, are encountered in clinical practice and are due to both pathogenic mechanisms of AIT 1 (iodine-induced hyperthyroidism) and AIT 2 (destructive thyroiditis) [1,48].…”

Section: What Is the Management Of Mixed/indefinite Forms Of Ait?mentioning

confidence: 99%

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2018 European Thyroid Association (ETA) Guidelines for the Management of Amiodarone-Associated Thyroid Dysfunction

Bartalena¹,

Bogazzi²,

Chiovato³

et al. 2018

Eur Thyroid J

175

184

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Treatment with amiodarone is associated with changes in thyroid function tests, but also with thyroid dysfunction (amiodarone-induced hypothyroidism, AIH, and amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis, AIT). Both AIH and AIT may develop in apparently normal thyroid glands or in the presence of underlying thyroid abnormalities. AIH does not require amiodarone withdrawal, and is treated with levothyroxine replacement if overt, whereas subclinical forms may be followed without treatment. Two main types of AIT are recognized: type 1 AIT (AIT 1), a form of iodine-induced hyperthyroidism occurring in nodular goitres or latent Graves disease, and type 2 AIT (AIT 2), resulting from destructive thyroiditis in a normal thyroid gland. Mixed/indefinite forms exist due to both pathogenic mechanisms. AIT 1 is best treated with thionamides that may be combined for a few weeks with sodium perchlorate to make the thyroid gland more sensitive to thionamides. AIT 2 is treated with oral glucocorticoids. Once euthyroidism has been restored, AIT 2 patients are followed up without treatment, whereas AIT 1 patients should be treated with thyroidectomy or radioiodine. Mixed/indefinite forms of AIT are treated with thionamides. Oral glucocorticoids can be added from the beginning if a precise diagnosis is uncertain, or after a few weeks if response to thionamides alone is poor. The decision to continue or to stop amiodarone in AIT should be individualized in relation to cardiovascular risk stratification and taken jointly by specialist cardiologists and endocrinologists. In the presence of rapidly deteriorating cardiac conditions, emergency thyroidectomy may be required for all forms of AIT.

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Section: What Is the Management Of Mixed/indefinite Forms Of Ait?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2). The proposed initial dose is 30 mg/day of prednisone (or equivalent doses of other glucocorticoids) tapered down based on clinical and/or biochemical euthyroidism [48]. Severe cases of AIT 2 may require longer periods of treatment.…”

Section: What Is the Management Of Ait 2?mentioning

confidence: 99%

2018 European Thyroid Association (ETA) Guidelines for the Management of Amiodarone-Associated Thyroid Dysfunction

Bartalena¹,

Bogazzi²,

Chiovato³

et al. 2018

Eur Thyroid J

175

184

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“…The bioavailability is relatively low (15%) due to extensive hepatic first-pass metabolism by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 and CYP2D6, thus requiring twice-daily dosing to achieve steady-state serum levels. 20 …”

Section: Pharmacokinetic Parametermentioning

confidence: 99%

Dronedarone in the management of atrial fibrillation

Saleem¹,

Bharani²,

Chetty³

et al. 2010

OAEM

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Atrial fibrillation is the most common type of tachyarrhythmia caused by multiple re-entrant wave forms within the atria and bombarding the atrioventricular node several times making it beat in a rapid, disorganized fashion termed "fibrillation". In atrial fibrillation, atria beat more than 300 times per minute. The arrhythmatous condition needs to be controlled, as humans cannot withstand this rapid and chaotic beating of the heart. New investigational drugs like Dronedarone ® are being used. Dronedarone is the most recent antiarrhythmic drugs. It was approved by US-FDA on July 2nd 2009 and is available in the USA as Multaq tablets (400 mg). Dronedarone falls under the category of multiple ion channel blocker. It mainly targets the repolarization currents, making them less active and hence prolonging the action potential duration (APD). Dronedarone also exhibits antiadrenergic activity, thus reducing the pace of the pacemaker. Dronedarone has been proven to be a safer and efficacious AAD, evidenced by both animal and human studies. These studies showed that there was prolongation of the APD and absence of QT interval prolongation with long term administration of the drug. Also there was reduced thyroid hormone receptor expression. Dronedarone is significantly safer and effective in maintaining the sinus rhythm and reducing the ventricular proarrhythmias, justifying it for the long term treatment of atrial fibrillation compared to other antiarrhythmic drugs.

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“…The bioavailability is relatively low (15%) because of extensive hepatic first-pass metabolism by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 and CYP2D6, thus requiring twice daily dosing to achieve steadystate serum levels. 6 Dronedarone is a multichannel blocker with electrophysiological properties similar to those of amiodarone. It decreases slowly activating delayed-rectifier K + current I (Kr), and inward rectifier potassium current I (K1), L-type Ca 2+ current I (Ca [L]) and maximum rate of rise of action potential (dV/dt max) with a concentration and frequencydependent relationship (I [Na]).…”

Section: Dronedaronementioning

confidence: 99%

Dronedarone—current status in management of atrial fibrillation

Manakshe

Rao

2012

Indian Heart Journal

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A B S T R A C TAtrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common of the serious cardiac rhythm disturbances and is responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality. Available drug therapy for AF has modest efficacy and is associated with the risk of life-threatening pro-arrhythmic complications.Dronedarone is a newer therapeutic agent with a structural resemblance to amiodarone and a better side effect profile. It is a multichannel blocker with antiadrenergic properties and has been evaluated in both rate and rhythm control strategies in the management of AF. In this review, we discuss the current role of dronedarone in the contemporary management of AF.

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Benzofuran derivatives and the thyroid

Cited by 57 publications

References 77 publications

2018 European Thyroid Association (ETA) Guidelines for the Management of Amiodarone-Associated Thyroid Dysfunction

2018 European Thyroid Association (ETA) Guidelines for the Management of Amiodarone-Associated Thyroid Dysfunction

Dronedarone in the management of atrial fibrillation

Dronedarone—current status in management of atrial fibrillation

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