“…CYP1A induction is a recognized and widely used measure of exposure to, and molecular effects of, oil and PAHs in humans, laboratory animals and wildlife species (Godard et al, 2004(Godard et al, , 2006Stegeman et al, 1992;Webb et al, 2014) including birds (Brausch et al, 2010;Brunström et al, 1991, Custer et al, 2000Lee et al, 1985;Lee et al, 1986;Peakall et al, 1989,). Avian species express two forms of CYP1A: CYP1A4 and CYP1A5 (Gilday et al, 1996).…”