Benzene polycarboxylic acid — A useful marker for condensed organic matter, but not for only pyrogenic black carbon

Chang, Zhaofeng; Tian, Li; Li, Fangfang; Zhou, Yuwei; Wu, Min; Steinberg, Christian E. W.; Dong, Xudong; Pan, Bo; Xing, Baoshan

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.145

Cited by 33 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Gerke [3] already made some critical comments on the determination of BC in soils. The present paper is a strong extension including some important recent papers (Nakane et al [4]; Zimmermann and Mitra [5]; Wagner et al [6]) and especially Chang et al [7] who showed that the most widely applied method to determine BC-the BPCA method-is not specific for BC.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…In the same soil, samples BC, as the residual fraction in the extraction sequence, contributed between 2.4 and 10.1% to the BPCA formed. Chang et al [7] also showed that humic acid from non-pyrogenic origin resulted in high BPCA activity after oxidation performed according to [23]. They simply showed for the three soil samples that after the extraction of humic substances with NaOH, the BPCA yield after oxidation was reduced to between 71 and 83% [7].…”

Section: Simpson and Hatchermentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Gerke [3] described some critics with respect to the methods used for the determination of BC in soils. Three recent papers [4,5,7] now allow a conclusive description of the problems associated with the most common methods to determine BC in soils.…”

Section: Open Accessmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The work-which Glaser et al [18] avoided-was done by Chang et al [7] in their excellent paper. They tested the BPCA method on three soil samples and for some materials including fulvic acid, humic acid, lignin, and humic acids extracted from the three soil samples.…”

Section: Simpson and Hatchermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They tested the BPCA method on three soil samples and for some materials including fulvic acid, humic acid, lignin, and humic acids extracted from the three soil samples. By means of sequential removal of organic carbon fractions in the soil samples, Chang et al [7] showed that humic substances contributed between 71.8 and 82.6% to the BPCAs formed during analysis which was performed according to [23]. In the same soil, samples BC, as the residual fraction in the extraction sequence, contributed between 2.4 and 10.1% to the BPCA formed.…”

Section: Simpson and Hatchermentioning

confidence: 99%

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Black (pyrogenic) carbon in soils and waters: a fragile data basis extensively interpreted

Gerke

2019

Chem. Biol. Technol. Agric.

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Black (pyrogenic) carbon (BC) has its origin in incomplete combustion of organic matter. It is considered to be a stable fraction of soil organic carbon (SOC) accounting for a great proportion of SOC in many soils. The aim of this article is to verify the reliability of the three most widely applied methods to determine BC in soils: the benzene polycarboxylic acid (BPCA) method, the UV/NMR method and the 13 CNMR method. All these methods strongly overestimate BC in soil and dissolved BC in waters. The main reason for the overestimation can be attributed to the fact that these three methods measure the polycyclic aromatic carbon (PAC) present in BC. However, PAC structures are also a component of humic substances so that a part of humic C is measured as BC. It can be concluded that the importance of BC in soil and waters is strongly overestimated and should be critically reevaluated.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 76%

Section: Simpson and Hatchermentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Open Accessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Simpson and Hatchermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Simpson and Hatchermentioning

confidence: 99%

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Black (pyrogenic) carbon in soils and waters: a fragile data basis extensively interpreted

Gerke

2019

Chem. Biol. Technol. Agric.

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Review Article: The effect of humic substances on phosphate and iron acquisition by higher plants: Qualitative and quantitative aspects

Gerke¹

2021

J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci.

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Humic substances affect iron (Fe) and phosphate (P) uptake by higher plants by two different ways. First, humic substances bind Fe(III) by forming humic‐Fe complexes of medium to high stability. In soils with pH > 5.0 these complexes account for most of the Fe in the soil solution, while dissolved Fe from Fe‐oxides exhibit an extreme low solubility (<< 0.1 µM). Humic‐Fe and humic‐Al complexes may bind P and form humic‐metal‐P complexes in the soil solution. Also, humic substances may desorb P bound to Fe(Al)‐oxides by binding to the P sorption sites of the oxides. These mechanisms may increase soil Fe and P availability. Second, humic substances affect several physiological processes of higher plants which are related to the acquisition of mineral nutrients from soil such as Fe and P. Soil humic substances exhibit plant hormone features, the quality and extend depending on the humic sources, the apparent molecular weight and the association status of the humic substances. They may affect the rooting pattern, the excretion of protons and carboxylic anions, the plasma membrane Fe‐reductase activity and they may activate Fe(II) and P transporters. Organic acid anions released by the roots can decrease the apparent molecular weight of the humic substances which may in turn increase the plant hormone activity of the humics. These mutual interactions can be described as soil‐root cross‐talking or humic acid cross‐interactions with roots.

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A rapid throughput technique to isolate pyrogenic carbon by hydrogen pyrolysis for stable isotope and radiocarbon analysis

Haig

Ascough

Wurster

et al. 2020

Rapid Comm Mass Spectrometry

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RATIONALE: Rapid, reliable isolation of Pyrogenic Carbon (PyC; char, soot, black carbon; biochar) for determination of stable carbon isotope (δ 13 C) composition and radiocarbon (14 C) dating is needed across multiple fields of research in geoscience, environmental science and archaeology. Many current techniques do not provide reliable isolation from contaminating organics and/or are relatively time consuming to employ. Hydrogen pyrolysis (HyPy) does provide reliable isolation of PyC but the current methodology is time consuming. METHODS: We explored the potential for subjecting multiple samples to HyPy analysis by placing up to nine individual samples in custom designed borosilicate sample vessels in a single reactor run. We tested for cross contamination between samples in the same run using materials with highly divergent radiocarbon activities (~0.04 to 116.3 pMC), δ 13 C values (-2 11.9 to-26.5‰) and labile carbon content. We determined 14 C/ 13 C by accelerator mass spectrometry and δ 13 C values by elemental analyser coupled to continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometer. RESULTS: Very small but measurable transfer between samples of highly divergent isotope composition was detectable. Where samples are of broadly similar composition, this cross contamination is considered negligible with respect to measurement uncertainty. Where samples are of divergent composition, it was found that placing a sample vessel loaded with silica mesh adsorbent between samples eliminated measurable cross-contamination in all cases for both 14 C/ 13 C and δ 13 C values. CONCLUSION: It is possible to subject up to seven samples to HyPy in the same reactor run for determination of radiocarbon content and δ 13 C value without diminishing the precision or accuracy of the results. This approach enables an increase in sample throughput of 300-600%. HyPy process background values are consistently lower than the nominal laboratory process background for quartz tube combustion in the NERC Radiocarbon Laboratory, indicating that HyPy may also be advantageous as a relatively 'clean' radiocarbon pretreatment method.

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Benzene polycarboxylic acid — A useful marker for condensed organic matter, but not for only pyrogenic black carbon

Cited by 33 publications

References 53 publications

Black (pyrogenic) carbon in soils and waters: a fragile data basis extensively interpreted

Black (pyrogenic) carbon in soils and waters: a fragile data basis extensively interpreted

Review Article: The effect of humic substances on phosphate and iron acquisition by higher plants: Qualitative and quantitative aspects

A rapid throughput technique to isolate pyrogenic carbon by hydrogen pyrolysis for stable isotope and radiocarbon analysis

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