Benzene-Free Synthesis of Phenol

Abstract

A series of compounds with different R groups, such as aliphatic and aromatic amides, carbamates, sulfonamides, and ureas, has been tested and all of the compounds showed very similar affinities to E-selectin. Compounds 3 b ± d were selected as representative examples. See: R.[20] NMR spectroscopic measurements were carried out on a Varian UnityPlus 600 spectrometer operating at a frequency of 600 MHz. All experiments were carried out at 25 8C with compound concentrations of approximately 10 mm in D 2 O solutions. ROESY experiments were carried out with mixing times of 150 ms. For some compounds, ROESY spectra were recorded using 50 ms and 100 ms mixing times, and the results were indistinguishable. Typical acquisition times in the direct and indirect dimensions were 340 ms and 64 ms, respectively. The data were zero-filled to yield a digital resolution of 1.46 Hz and 2.92 Hz, respectively. For bound 2, NOE values were extracted from transfer NOE spectra (see ref.[7b]). Signal integration was performed using Varian VNMR software. All NOEs were normalized using intraglycosidic NOE enhancements such as H1 G ± H3 G and H4 F ± H5 F . The distances between these hydrogens are given by the chair conformations of fucose and galactose and should be very similar for compounds 2, 4, 5, and 6. It should be noted that the measured NOE values do not refer to a distinct conformation of the molecule but represent the weighted mean distance over several coexisting low energy conformations.[21] a)

A sustainable, eugenol-derived epoxy resin with high biobased content, modulus, hardness and low flammability: Synthesis, curing kinetics and structure–property relationship

“…About 20% of global benzene production was used to manufacture to bisphenol A. Although an alternative way to synthesize from glucose has been reported [6], but the industrial scale-up of this biobased process is still far from being achieved. On the other hand, epichlorohydrin is highly toxic and mainly produced from allyl chloride, and using renewable and nontoxic glycerol to produce epichlorohydrin is another sustainable alternative [7,8], showing a great commercial importance in the further.…”

Engineering of Solvent-TolerantPseudomonas putidaS12 for Bioproduction of Phenol from Glucose

“…In our laboratory whole-cell bioprocesses for the production of aromatic compounds from sugar are being developed. Examples of "green" bioprocesses that have been studied for this class of compounds are the production of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (7), phenol (19), and cinnamic acid (32). A major drawback in terms of the economics of biobased processes is the susceptibility of host microorganisms to the toxicity of aromatic compounds.…”

“…Furthermore, a sharp increase in demand and a dramatic rise in oil prices have prompted us to seriously address the possibility of a "green" production method for phenol. Previously, Gibson et al (19) described the bioproduction of shikimic acid from glucose, followed by the chemical conversion of shikimic acid to phenol.…”

“Green” Chemicals from Renewable Agricultural Biomass - A Mini Review

“…These aromatic chemicals include phenol [57], catechnol [58], quinic acid and hydroquinone [59], pyrogallol [60], hydroxyhydroquinone [61], phloroglucinol [62], caprolactam [63] and (derivative) adipic acid [64]. Fig.…”