Benthic carbonate factories of the Phanerozoic

Schlager, Wolfgang

doi:10.1007/s00531-003-0327-x

Cited by 308 publications

(234 citation statements)

References 121 publications

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“…Together with the skeletal carbonate produced by mussels and associated chemosynthetic shelly organisms, authigenic carbonate production is mediated mostly by bacteria. All these carbonates have 13 C-depleted isotopic signal (see summaries in Sibuet and Olu, 1998;Schlager, 2003;Levin, 2005;Campbell, 2006;Taviani, 2010).…”

Section: Comparison With Other Fossil Cold-seep Depositsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An enigmatic kilometer-scale concentration of small mytilids (Late Miocene, Guadalquivir Basin, S Spain)

Aguirre

Braga

Martín

et al. 2015

Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology

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Upper Miocene heterozoan carbonates crop out extensively in a NE-SW-trending belt (42 km long and 1.5-8 km wide) along the so-called El Alcor topographic high, from Carmona to Dos Hermanas (Seville, S Spain). These carbonates formed at the southern active margin of the Guadalquivir Basin, the foreland basin of the Betic Cordillera.They change to marls basinward (NE) and to sands landward (SE and SW). Therefore, carbonate production was constrained to a limited area in an otherwise siliciclastic shelf.The carbonates (up to 40 m thick) overlie a gradually coarsening-upward succession of marls followed by silts and sandstones. The carbonate sequence can be divided into three subunits corresponding, from bottom to top, to lowstand, transgressive, and highstands system tracts deposits. The lower subunit, exhibiting extensive trough crossbedding, is interpreted as a shallow-water bar deposit. The intermediate subunit onlaps underlying sediments and was deposited in deeper, low-turbulence conditions. The upper subunit deposits accumulated in a well-oxygenated outer platform based on benthic foraminiferal assemblages. The presence of hummocky and swaley crossstratification in these latter deposits suggests that they were affected by storms.Pervasive fluid-escape structures are also observed throughout the carbonates.The three subunits consist of bioclastic packstones to rudstones made up of abundant fragments of small mytilids. Isotopic data from serpulid polychaete Ditrupa tubes show 13 C-depleted values (up to -16.1‰), whereas  18 O yields normal marine values. Additional isotopic data on shells of scallops, oysters, and small mussels, as well as bulk sediment, show diagenetic alterations. Based on actualistic examples of massive concentrations of mussels, the nearly monospecific composition of the El Alcor deposits, together with negative  13 C values of Ditrupa tubes, indicates that cold seeps A C C E P T E D M A N U S C R I P T

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Section: Comparison With Other Fossil Cold-seep Depositsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An enigmatic kilometer-scale concentration of small mytilids (Late Miocene, Guadalquivir Basin, S Spain)

Aguirre

Braga

Martín

et al. 2015

Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology

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“…The present paper deals with in situ upper slope boundstones belonging to an M-carbonate factory (one of the three carbonate factories identified by Schlager 2000Schlager , 2003, dominated by microbial precipitation. This facies is equivalent to non-skeletal microbialite, one of the four categories into which reef frameworks were divided by Webb (1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An early Middle Anisian (Middle Triassic) Tubiphytes and cement crusts-dominated reef from North Dobrogea (Romania): facies, depositional environment and diagenesis

Popa¹,

Panaiotu²,

Grădinaru³

2014

Acta Geologica Polonica

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ABSTRACT:Popa, L., Panaiotu, C.E. and Grădinaru, E. 2014. An early Middle Anisian (Middle Triassic) Tubiphytes and cement crusts-dominated reef from North Dobrogea (Romania): facies, depositional environment and diagenesis. Acta Geologica Polonica, 64 (2), 189-206. Warszawa.A well-developed Triassic carbonate platform is exposed in the eastern part of the Tulcea Unit, in the Cimmerian North Dobrogean Orogen, southeastern Romania. Facies analysis of the 200 m thick succession of lower Middle Anisian limestones exposed in a large limestone quarry south of the village of Mahmudia suggests a transition from upper slope towards toe-of-slope carbonate facies, reflecting sea-level fluctuations and tectonic tilting. The slope is dominated by in situ microbialites in the upper portion, consisting of reefal boundstone facies, and by molluscan coquina and cement boundstones. A key role is played by the cosmopolitan micro-encruster Tubiphytes, which became common in the aftermath of the mass extinction at the Permian/Triassic boundary, and by autochthonous micrite and synsedimentary marine cement. The absence of metazoan reef builders, such as sponges and corals, reflects the fact that microbes were the first organisms to recover after the Permian/Triassic crisis under unusual marine conditions and that their main role in reef formation was sediment stabilization along the upper slopes. The lower slope is mostly detrital, being dominated by platform-derived bioclastic rudstones and crinoidal floatstones, which are interbedded with basinal carbonate hemipelagics. The toe-of-slope is composed of pelagic wackestones framed by thin tongues of intraclast breccia. All these observations are in agreement with the slopeshedding model described for the Pennsylvanian microbial margin in Asturias (northern Spain) and the AnisianLadinian flat-topped, steep-rimmed Latemar platform (Dolomites, Italy).As most of the Anisian reefs were described from western and eastern Tethys (Southern Alps, Hungary, China), the occurrence of the early Middle Anisian Tubiphytes-reef from North Dobrogea (Romania) contributes to resolving the puzzle of the geographic distribution of reef recovery in the Middle Triassic.

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“…Their analysis of the sedimentary infilling of modern basins (or atoll lagoons) that are adjacent to periodically flooded carbonate platforms has indicated that the export of carbonate material by gravity mass flows can be triggered also by a glacieustatic sea-level rise. Fast sea level rise after glacial termination produces a new accommodation space, which enables rapid platform aggradation ("catch-up stage" according to the terminology proposed for the T-factory system (sensu Neumann and Macintyre 1985;Schlager 2003Schlager , 2005. Simultaneously, under high dynamic conditions, the grained material is being washed off from the platform margin and deposited in the adjacent, relatively deep basins.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regressive-transgressive cyclothem with facies record of the re-flooding window in the Late Silurian carbonate succession (Podolia, Ukraine)

Łuczyński¹,

Kozłowski²,

Skompski³

2015

Acta Geologica Polonica

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ABSTRACT:Łuczyński, P., Kozłowski, W. and Skompski, S. 2015. Regressive-transgressive cyclothem with facies record of the re-flooding window in the Late Silurian carbonate succession (Podolia, Ukraine). Acta Geologica Polonica, 65 (3), 297-318. Warszawa.The term "re-flooding window" was recently proposed as a time-interval connected with the transgressive stage of present day peri-reefal development. In the analysis presented here, a fossil record of a re-flooding window has been recognized. Nine Late Silurian carbonate sections exposed on the banks of the Dnister River in Podolia (Ukraine) have been correlated base on bed-by-bed microfacies analysis and spectral gamma ray (SGR) measurements. Correlated were sections representing settings ranging from the inner part of a shallow-water carbonate platform to its slope, through an organic buildup. The reconstructed depositional scenario has been divided into six development stages, with the first three representing a regressive interval and the latter three a transgressive interval of the basin's history. The re-flooding window has been identified at the beginning of a transgressive part of the succession. Surprisingly, it is characterized by an extremely fast growth of a shallow, tide-dominated platform and by deposition of calciturbiditic layers in a more basinal area. The interpreted succession is a small-scale model illustrating the reaction of carbonate depositional sub-environments to sea level changes and determining the facies position of the stromatoporoid buildups within the facies pattern on a Silurian shelf. The use of SGR analyses in shallow water, partly high-energy, carbonate facies, both for correlation purposes and for identifying depositional systems, is a relatively new method, and thus can serve as a reference for other studies of similar facies assortment.

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Benthic carbonate factories of the Phanerozoic

Cited by 308 publications

References 121 publications

An enigmatic kilometer-scale concentration of small mytilids (Late Miocene, Guadalquivir Basin, S Spain)

An enigmatic kilometer-scale concentration of small mytilids (Late Miocene, Guadalquivir Basin, S Spain)

An early Middle Anisian (Middle Triassic) Tubiphytes and cement crusts-dominated reef from North Dobrogea (Romania): facies, depositional environment and diagenesis

Regressive-transgressive cyclothem with facies record of the re-flooding window in the Late Silurian carbonate succession (Podolia, Ukraine)

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