Bennett, Herman L. – Africans in Colonial Mexico. Absolutism, Christianity and Afro-Creole Consciousness, 1570-1640. Bloomington-Indianapolis, Indiana University Press, 2003, 275 p., index, bibl.

Bernand, Carmen

doi:10.4000/etudesafricaines.5791

Cited by 2 publications

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“…After 1650, the Indigenous population had recovered sufficiently, and the African slave trade and population declined. While some 100,000-200,000 Africans entered Mexico over 150 years, Afro-Mexicans never constituted more than 2 percent of the colonial population, which always had an Indigenous majority (Bennett 2005;Palmer 1976;Proctor 2010;Silva 2018;Taylor 1998;Valdés 2018).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

From Multiracial to Monoracial: The Formation of Mexican American Identities in the U.S. Southwest

Daniel

2022

Genealogy

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The racialization of Mexican Americans in northern Mexico, that is, the U.S. Southwest, following the Anglo-Americanization during the second half of the nineteenth century, is an excellent case study of the historical formations of Anglo-American and Spanish American racial orders. Both racial orders were based on a hierarchy that privileged Whiteness and stigmatized Blackness. Yet Spanish America’s high levels of miscegenation resulted in ternary orders allowing for gradation in and fluidity within racial categories, in addition to the formation of multiracial identities, including those of individuals with African ancestry. Anglo-America was characterized by restrictions on miscegenation and more precise definitions of and restrictions on racial categories. This prohibited the formation of multiracial identities while buttressing a binary racial order that broadly necessitated single-race (monoracial) identification as either White or nonWhite, and more specifically, as White or Black, given their polar extremes in racial hierarchy. Within this order, hypodescent applies most stringently to those with African ancestry through the one-drop rule, which designates as Black all such individuals. This article examines monoracialization through historical processes of Mexican–American identity formations. Over the twentieth century, this shifted from White to Brown, but without any acknowledgment of African ancestry.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

From Multiracial to Monoracial: The Formation of Mexican American Identities in the U.S. Southwest

Daniel

2022

Genealogy

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“…15 Escribanos aided and abetted this process by making and preserving legal documents. 16 During civil disputes, both notaries and síndicos (public defenders) were responsible for translating the grievances of the enslaved into compelling documents that followed formal legal templates. Likewise, these two types of officials stayed with those cases when they were appealed to higher courts.…”

Section: Binding Truthsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Escribano of Babel: Power, Exile, and Enslavement in the Venezuelan Llanos During the War of Independence (1806–1833)

Sierra

2023

The Americas

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This article traces the professional life of Rafael Almarza, the last royal escribano (notary) of Mérida in the captaincy of Venezuela, and his role in undermining monarchical authority among the enslaved community displaced in the plains region (Los Llanos) during the war of independence in 1814-18. Despite their status as minor officials within the Spanish imperial bureaucracy, notaries, through the records they made, helped to establish legally binding truths underlying everyday actions, making them influential agents of colonial rule in the community they served, particularly among those seeking notarial documents to obtain freedom. During the battles for independence, escribanos like Almarza facilitated the transition of sovereignty and created documents that fomented the independence cause among enslaved individuals during the years of total war. By examining the manumission documents found in the notarial book Almarza kept during exile, the author of this article shows the importance of enslaved people in granting legitimacy to the emerging leadership of José Antonio Páez and the Republican project. At the same time, this study aims to provide a new look at manumission during the early stages of nation-building and the involvement of underrepresented groups in this process.

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Bennett, Herman L. – Africans in Colonial Mexico. Absolutism, Christianity and Afro-Creole Consciousness, 1570-1640. Bloomington-Indianapolis, Indiana University Press, 2003, 275 p., index, bibl.

Cited by 2 publications

References 0 publications

From Multiracial to Monoracial: The Formation of Mexican American Identities in the U.S. Southwest

From Multiracial to Monoracial: The Formation of Mexican American Identities in the U.S. Southwest

The Escribano of Babel: Power, Exile, and Enslavement in the Venezuelan Llanos During the War of Independence (1806–1833)

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