Benign Diseases of the Endometrium

Calcified Leiomyomata Presenting as Recurrent Pregnancy Loss

“…Furthermore, chronic endometritis causes superoxides and tumor necrosis factor to be released, and the exposure in the long term negatively affects stromal cells especially in patients with superoxide dismutase deficiency [ 14 ]. Another theory suggests that there are retained embryonic cells without a previous pregnancy which underwent heteroplasia into bony tissue; this theory can also explain the presence of womb stone [ 29 ]. Although in our study the patient did not complain of secondary infertility, the patient complained of recurrent pregnancy loss of all previous pregnancies, and therefore, the uterine bone was not suspected to be caused by fetal bone retention and was more suspected to be caused by the theory of endometrial fibroid calcifying metaplasia, and the pathological report of the specimen obtained concluded the specimen to be a calcified endometrial leiomyoma.…”

How Our Practice of Histopathology, Especially Tumour Pathology has Changed in the Last Two Decades: Reflections from a Major Referral Center in Pakistan

“…For endometrial hyperplasia we use the classification (simple, complex and atypical hyperplasia) proposed by Kurman et al (1986) (WHO, 2002). Endometrial polyps, adenomyosis and leiomyomas are the commonest lesions we find in uteri removed for 'dysfunctional uterine bleeding' or DUB (McCluggage, 2011). Endometrial adenocarcinoma is much more common than cervical cancer and we are now seeing and reporting more cases than in the past.…”

“…In biopsies, we commonly see exogenous hormonal patterns. In cases, where changes fall short of endometrial hyperplasia, we use the terms 'excessive estrogen effect' in younger patients and 'disordered proliferative endometrium' in relatively older patients (McCluggage, 2011). For endometrial hyperplasia we use the classification (simple, complex and atypical hyperplasia) proposed by Kurman et al (1986) (WHO, 2002).…”

“…In the nineties we did not report uterine papillary serous carcinoma (Gitsch et al, 1995) but we now have reported several cases during the last ten years. We have also in recent years reported a number of cases of endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma (EIC) which is believed to be associated with and probably is a precursor of serous carcinoma (Darvishian et al, 2004;McCluggage, 2011). Although we have always reported Malignant Mixed Mullerian tumor, we only started reporting adenosarcoma in the late nineties (Clement and Scully, 1990;Kaku et al, 1992).…”

Endometrium at menopause: The pathologist's view

“…At birth, the endometrium measures less than 0.5 mm in thickness, and the surface and glands are lined by a low columnar-to-cuboidal epithelium devoid of either proliferative or secretory activity, which resembles the inactive endometrium of postmenopausal women. [ 1 ]…”