Benefits of Imperfect Conflict Resolution Advisory Aids for Future Air Traffic Control

Trapsilawati, Fitri; Wickens, Christopher D.; Qu, Xingda; Chen, Chun‐Hsien

doi:10.1177/0018720816655941

Cited by 24 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 39 publications

(66 reference statements)

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“…Loft et al (2016) found their participants took as long as 20 s to accept queries, taking longer when SA was low or uncertainty was high. Trapsilawati, Wickens, Qu, and Chen (2016) reported means latencies in accepting a SPAM probe of between 9 and 23 s. Strybel, Vu, Battiste, and Johnson (2013) reported that 5% of probes went unanswered, and Cunningham et al (2015) found that pilots did not respond the ready prompt 16% of the time in their study due to workload. Further two additional studies showed that SPAM latency measures are correlated with NASA TLX scores, indicating that it is associated with workload (Strybel et al, 2010; Strybel et al, 2008).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Direct Objective Measures of Situation Awareness: A Comparison of SAGAT and SPAM

2019

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Objective: To examine evidence of sensitivity, predictiveness, and methodological concerns regarding direct, objective measures of situation awareness (SA). Background: The ability to objectively measure SA is important to the evaluation of user interfaces and displays, training programs, and automation initiatives, as well as for studies that seek to better understand SA in both individuals and teams. A number of methodological criticisms have been raised creating significant confusion in the research field. Method: A meta-analysis of 243 studies was conducted to examine evidence of sensitivity and predictiveness, and to address methodological questions regarding Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique (SAGAT), Situation Present Assessment Technique (SPAM), and their variants. Results: SAGAT and SPAM were found to be equally predictive of performance. SPAM (64%) and real-time probes (73%) were found to have significantly lower sensitivity in comparison to SAGAT (94%). While SAGAT was found not to be overly memory reliant nor intrusive into operator performance, SPAM resulted in problems with intrusiveness in 40% of the studies examined, as well as problems with speed-accuracy tradeoffs, sampling bias, and confounds with workload. Concerns about memory reliance, the utility of these measures for assessing Team SA, and other issues are also addressed. Conclusion: SAGAT was found to be a highly sensitive, reliable, and predictive measure of SA that is useful across a wide variety of domains and experimental settings. Application: Direct, objective SA measurement provides useful and diagnostic insights for research and design in a wide variety of domains and study objectives.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Direct Objective Measures of Situation Awareness: A Comparison of SAGAT and SPAM

2019

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“…Second, the results could be used as the inputs for the development of conflict resolution aid (CRA), a tool that not only alerts ATCOs about an impending conflict but also provides an advisory to resolve the conflict (Trapsilawati et al, 2016). Converging and crossing conflicts were proven to be most cognitively demanding for human operators; hence, the algorithm for resolution advisory generation of these conflicts should be carefully designed and must consider ATCO cognitive resources.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

EEG-Based Analysis of Air Traffic Conflict: Investigating Controllers’ Situation Awareness, Stress Level and Brain Activity during Conflict Resolution

et al. 2019

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The effects of air traffic conflict geometry have been well investigated in prior studies, particularly in the context of the pilot, though little in the context of the air traffic control officer (ATCO). No study to date has investigated the effects of conflict geometry on human factors variables of ATCOs through objective and physiological approaches. This study examines the effects of conflict geometries on ATCO situation awareness, stress level and brain activity during conflict resolution. Fifteen participants were instructed to resolve six different conflict geometries: crossing level, crossing non-level, converging level, converging non-level, overtaking level, and overtaking non-level. The results indicate that converging and crossing conflicts led to lower situation awareness (SA), higher stress level, and higher theta activation at the temporal and parietal lobes. Level conflict led to lower SA. The findings offer two implications, providing insights for the formal guidelines in ATC conflict resolution training and provision of inputs for the conflict resolution aid development.

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“…The philosophy of our CAT tool was on the contrary to let the controller decide which maneuvers to implement. Trapsilawati et al (2016) showed higher performance, lower workload and no decrease in situation awareness with the CRA tool. However, the present study illustrated that for conflicts involving more than two aircraft, at least two maneuvers were usually required.…”

Section: Sitmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Other ATC decision aids have been evaluated with the more direct objective to be implemented in operational settings. For instance, Trapsilawati et al (2016) assessed a conflict detection and resolution advisory tool, the CRA. This tool shows predicted conflicting pairs of aircraft, the resolution maneuver advisory is explicitly written (e.g., "aircraft A climb FL140") and the controller can accept or reject the proposed resolution.…”

Section: Sitmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding and overcoming horizontal separation complexity in air traffic control: an expert/novice comparison

et al. 2020

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Humans still play a key role in air traffic control but their performances limit the capacity of the airspace and are responsible for delays. At the tactical level, even though Air Traffic Controllers (ATCO) are trained for years, their performances are limited. In this article, we first isolated the tactical horizontal deconfliction task and explained its mathematical complexity. We observed through a simple experiment conducted on

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Benefits of Imperfect Conflict Resolution Advisory Aids for Future Air Traffic Control

Abstract: CRA aid offers benefits across traffic densities, regardless of its imperfection, as long as its reliability level is set above the threshold of assistance, suggesting its application for future ATC.

Cited by 24 publications

References 39 publications

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Direct Objective Measures of Situation Awareness: A Comparison of SAGAT and SPAM

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Direct Objective Measures of Situation Awareness: A Comparison of SAGAT and SPAM

EEG-Based Analysis of Air Traffic Conflict: Investigating Controllers’ Situation Awareness, Stress Level and Brain Activity during Conflict Resolution

Understanding and overcoming horizontal separation complexity in air traffic control: an expert/novice comparison

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