Beneficial effects on skin health using polysaccharides from red ginseng by‐product

Abstract

Red Ginseng is well‐known functional food in Asia which is produced by steaming and drying fresh ginseng (Panax ginseng). In the production of red ginseng extract, around 65% of the original material is left over as by‐product and discarded. Most studies on ginseng are focused on ginsenosides. Many functional substances other than ginsenoside are found in red ginseng, but they have not been studied and are usually discarded. Acidic polysaccharides, which are functional polysaccharides found in the by‐product of red ginseng, can be utilized as excellent high‐value‐added material. In this study, we developed red ginseng by‐product polysaccharides (RGBPs) by applying an enzyme‐linked high‐pressure process (ELHPP). We have demonstrated the antioxidant, anti‐aging, and anti‐atopic dermatitis efficacy of ELHPP‐RGBPs in this study. In acute oral toxicity and skin irritation tests, ELHPP‐RGBPs were found to be very low in toxicity. ELHPP‐RGBPs inhibited solar ultraviolet‐induced matrix metalloproteinase‐1 (MMP‐1) protein through activator protein‐1 (AP‐1), a major transcription factor for MMP‐1. ELHPP‐RGBP attenuated DFE‐induced AD‐like symptoms as assessed by skin lesion analyses, dermatitis score, and skin thickness. Taken together, these results suggest that ELHPP‐RGBP may have potential as a nutraceutical ingredient for skin health. Practical applications This paper presents a new method of using ginseng by‐product that has not been used and discarded. The use of polysaccharides in ginseng by‐product has been shown to prevent skin wrinkles and atopic dermatitis. This is an economical new functional food material.

Recent Advances in Herbal-Derived Products with Skin Anti-Aging Properties and Cosmetic Applications

“…Triterpenoids from Eriobotrya japonica , mainly ursolic, pomolic, colosolic, and methyl colosolic acids, exhibited anti-aging activity by stimulating collagen and hyaluronic acid synthesis [ 22 ]. A plant hormone derived from the jasmonate-induced expression of proteoglycan in the human reconstituted epidermis [ 23 ] and a by-product polysaccharide obtained from red ginseng ( Panax ginseng ) inhibited UV-induced MMP-1 through activator protein-1 (AP-1) [ 24 ]. Finally, ferulic acid improved skin elasticity with significant bleaching, anti-redness, smoothing, and moisturized activity in a clinical study [ 25 ].…”

“…AP-1 and its constituent proteins, c-Jun and c-Fos, were activated by UV radiation by an increase in the protein phosphorylation in fibroblasts [ 36 , 37 , 50 ]. Moreover, AP-1 transactivation was increased in response to UV exposure, promoting the skin aging process, since this transcription factor up-regulates MMPs, leading to the degradation of collagen [ 24 ].…”

Comparisons of Isolation Methods, Structural Features, and Bioactivities of the Polysaccharides from Three Common Panax Species: A Review of Recent Progress

“…For anxiety disorders, another acidic polysaccharide, WGPA, exhibited an anti-depressant-like effect by affecting social interactions and aggressive behaviors in mice [ 65 ]. For skin health, a byproduct polysaccharide from red ginseng was processed by enzyme-linked high pressure to produce ELHPP-RGBPs, which inhibited the AP-1/MMP-1 pathway and prevented solar ultraviolet-induced skin wrinkles and atopic dermatitis [ 126 ]. The notoginseng polysaccharides PNPS and PNPS-0.5M inhibited a caspase-3 cascade or regulated the alcohol dehydrogenase pathway to protect from cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury or alcoholic liver damage, respectively [ 43 , 127 ].…”

Medicinal Plants in Physical Exercise: A Review

“…Besides, ginseng also produces anti-fatigue activity and reduces lactate dehydrogenase and CPK levels, biomarkers of stress and fatigue. Likewise, experimental evidence showed that the ginseng extract has therapeutic effects with several cardiovascular activities, such as regulating blood circulation, reducing the myocardium size, and improving the lipid profile [4,8,17,22]. This plant exerts anti-adipogenic activity through the modulation of different signaling pathways.…”