Beneficial Effects of Rosmarinic Acid on IPEC-J2 Cells Exposed to the Combination of Deoxynivalenol and T-2 Toxin

Abstract

Mycotoxin contamination in feedstuffs is a worldwide problem that causes serious health issues both in humans and animals, and it contributes to serious economic losses. Deoxynivalenol (DON) and T-2 toxin (T-2) are major trichothecene mycotoxins and are known to challenge mainly intestinal barrier functions. Polyphenolic rosmarinic acid (RA) appeared to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in vitro. The aim of this study was to investigate protective effects of RA against DON and T-2 or combined mycotoxin-induced intestinal damage in nontumorigenic porcine cell line, IPEC-J2. It was ascertained that simultaneous treatment of DON and T-2 (DT2: 1 μ mol / L DON + 5 nmol / L T − 2 ) for 48 h and 72 h reduced transepithelial electrical resistance of cell monolayer, which was restored by 50 μmol/L RA application. It was also found that DT2 for 48 h and 72 h could induce oxidative stress and elevate interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) levels significantly, which were alleviated by the administration of RA. DT2 administration contributed to the redistribution of claudin-1; however, occludin membranous localization was not altered by combined mycotoxin treatment. In conclusion, beneficial effect of RA was exerted on DT2-deteriorated cell monolayer integrity and on the perturbated redox status of IPEC-J2 cells.

Luteolin and Chrysin Could Prevent E. coli Lipopolysaccharide-Ochratoxin A Combination-Caused Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in In Vitro Porcine Intestinal Model

“…In IPEC-J2 cells, LPS of various origins could not increase H 2 O 2 levels [ 38 ] using Amplex red method which is in good agreement with our present findings. Other mycotoxins such as DON and T2 toxin and their combination could increase EC H 2 O 2 in IPEC-J2 cells, which returned to control levels in the presence of rosmarinic acid [ 39 ].…”

Plant-Derived Polyphenols as Nrf2 Activators to Counteract Oxidative Stress and Intestinal Toxicity Induced by Deoxynivalenol in Swine: An Emerging Research Direction

“…It has been reported that oxidative stress is a crucial factor contributing to DON-caused intestinal toxicity in animals [ 30 ], and the role of oxidative stress induced by DON exposure should be regarded as one of the key mechanisms for its toxicity [ 18 ]. Alleviating oxidative stress would be an effective way to attenuate the toxic effects of DON, thereby reducing its damage to farm animals [ 17 ].…”

“…Additionally, the meat quality was improved by dietary supplementation of chlorogenic acid-enriched extract, as suggested by reduced cooking loss, drip loss, carbonyl, and MDA contents in the meat of pigs [ 74 ]. Using an in vitro model of IPEC-J2 cells, Pomothy et al (2020) evaluated the impact of rosmarinic acid on intestinal oxidative stress and inflammation of porcine enterocytes induced by DON and T-2 toxin [ 30 ]. The authors found that a dosage of 50 μmol/L rosmarinic acid restored the decreased transepithelial electrical resistance of IPEC-J2 cell monolayer caused by cotreatment with 1 μmol/L DON + 5 nmol/L T-2 toxin for 48 or 72 h [ 30 ].…”

Porcine and Chicken Intestinal Epithelial Cell Models for Screening Phytogenic Feed Additives—Chances and Limitations in Use as Alternatives to Feeding Trials

“…In a model using a mixture of the mycotoxins DON and fusariotoxin T 2 (T2) to impair barrier function, rosmarinic acid showed the ability to restore TEER and to promote distribution of TJ protein CLDN-1. Levels of pro-inflammatory IL-6 and IL-8 were further decreased, suggesting an anti-inflammatory potential of rosmarinic acid [ 59 ]. Another study investigated the influence of several PFA on IPEC-J2 cells after deteriorating barrier function by disrupting TJ via a calcium-switch assay.…”

“…Measurement of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in culture medium further demonstrated the anti-oxidative effect of quercetin as LDH which physiologically is located inside of enterocytes was released into the medium after damage of cellular membrane [ 92 ]. The antioxidative effect of rosmarinic acid was shown in H 2 O 2 -challenged cells [ 91 ] as well as in a mycotoxin-induced stress model [ 59 ].…”