“…However, in contrast to the aforementioned experimental evidence of the effects of low intensity and (low) frequency electromagnetic fields in cancer, there are no data on the mechanism of action [56]. For instance, it has been reported that electromagnetic fields disturb the cancer cells' bioactivity, with a consequent abnormal cell signal transduction process, and that they change the ionic motion (K + , Na + , Ca 2+ and Cl − ) across the cell membrane.…”
“…However, in contrast to the aforementioned experimental evidence of the effects of low intensity and (low) frequency electromagnetic fields in cancer, there are no data on the mechanism of action [56]. For instance, it has been reported that electromagnetic fields disturb the cancer cells' bioactivity, with a consequent abnormal cell signal transduction process, and that they change the ionic motion (K + , Na + , Ca 2+ and Cl − ) across the cell membrane.…”
“… Fig. 2 Summary of effects of magnetic fields on cancer (adapted from Verginadis et al [39] under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License). …”
Section: Biological Effects Of Magnetic Fieldsmentioning
“…Indeed, according to World Health Organization, in 2008, it accounted around the 13% of all deaths (7.6 × 10 6 people). Statistical projection in 2030 highlights deaths from cancer to over 11 × 10 6 people [1,2].…”
Cells are open complex thermodynamic systems. Energy transformations, thermo-electro-chemical processes and transports occur across the cells membranes. Different thermo-electro-biochemical behaviours occur between health and disease states. Moreover, living systems waste heat, the result of the internal irreversibility. This heat is dissipated into the environment. But, this wasted heat represent a sort of information, which outflows from the cell toward its environment, completely accessible to any observer. Consequently, the analysis of irreversibility related to this wasted heat can represents a new approach to study the behaviour of the cells. So, this approach allows us to consider the living systems as black boxes and analyze only the inflows and outflows and their changes in relation to the modification of the environment. Therefore, information on the systems can be obtained by analyzing the changes in the cell heat wasted in relation to external perturbations. In this paper, a review of the recent results obtained by using this approach is proposed in order to highlight its thermodynamic fundamental: it could be the beginning of a new engineering science, the bioengineering thermodynamics. Some experimental evidences from literature are summarized and discussed. The approach proposed can allow us to explain them.
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