Beneficial Effect of Moderate Exercise in Kidney of Rat after Chronic Consumption of Cola Drinks

Abstract

AimThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of moderate intensity exercise on kidney in an animal model of high consumption of cola soft drinks.MethodsForty-eight Wistar Kyoto rats (age: 16 weeks; weight: 350–400 g) were assigned to the following groups: WR (water runners) drank water and submitted to aerobic exercise; CR (cola runners) drank cola and submitted to aerobic exercise; WS (water sedentary) and CS (cola sedentary), not exercised groups. The aerobic exercise was performed for 5 days per week throughout the study (24 weeks) and the exercise intensity was gradually increased during the first 8 weeks until it reached 20 meters / minute for 30 minutes. Body weight, lipid profile, glycemia, plasma creatinine levels, atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) were determined. After 6 months all rats were sacrificed. A kidney histopathological score was obtained using a semiquantitative scale. Glomerular size and glomerulosclerosis were estimated by point-counting. The oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory status were explored by immunohistochemistry. A one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey-Kramer post-hoc test or the Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn’s post-hoc test was used for statistics. A value of p < 0.05 was considered significant.ResultsAt 6 months, an increased consumption of cola soft drink was shown in CS and CR compared with water consumers (p<0.0001). Chronic cola consumption was associated with increased plasma triglycerides, AIP, heart rate, histopathological score, glomerulosclerosis, oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory status. On the other hand, moderate exercise prevented these findings. No difference was observed in the body weight, SBP, glycemia, cholesterol and plasma creatinine levels across experimental groups.ConclusionsThis study warns about the consequences of chronic consumption of cola drinks on lipid metabolism, especially regarding renal health. Additionally, these findings emphasize the protective role of exercise training on renal damage.

Exercise Ameliorates Endocrine Pancreas Damage Induced by Chronic Cola Drinking in Rats

“…We agree that, as stated by Celec et al’ s, despite 3 months of very high daily intake of cola, the duration of their study might have been too short. Time-dependency may not only account for their negative findings on renal morphology in contrast with epidemiological evidence of cola deleterious effects on kidney and with our own recent study [ 25 ], but also for the differences in both insulin sensitivity (increased at 3 months in reference 41 vs decrease at 6 months in reference 24] and behavior, between present and previous studies [ 42 , 43 ]. We agree that there may be multiple potential reasons for discrepancies as mentioned previously [ 41 ].…”

“…Cola drinking for 6 months, induced insulin resistance, hyperglycemia and β-cell loss with increase in α-cell fractional area [ 24 ], affected kidney morphology [ 25 ], and did not affect rat behavior in the present study. Conversely, cola drinking for 3 months reduced blood glucose levels during an oral glucose tolerance test, suggesting improved insulin sensitivity and had no effect on kidney morphology [ 42 ], and increased locomotion [ 43 ].…”

“…In regard to our previous publications [ 24 , 25 ], different rat batches from the same breeders were used in the respective experiments at, of course, not only different seasons but different years as well. The experimental design in the present study is analogous to that reported recently in this journal [ 25 ] though different sets of animals were evaluated for respectively different purposes according to the respective topics of the study. Rats whose results are reported presently, were exclusively evaluated in the current experiment, they did not participate in any other one and there is no overlapping between rats in current and previous studies of ours.…”

Effect of classic soft drink Coca-Cola as a solvent in the administration of tramadol and diazepam on biochemical and histological changes in liver and kidney

“…Histology report of this research also follows a similar pattern of nephrotoxicity; these include loss of an architectural unit of the nephron, atrophic mesangial cells, wide capsular spaces, dilated interstitial vessels and mild congestion. All these might be responsible for the leakage of urea and creatinine into the serum [49][50][51][52].…”

<p>Attenuated Renal and Hepatic Cells Apoptosis Following Swimming Exercise Supplemented with Garlic Extract in Old Rats</p>

“…19 The protective role of exercise training on renal damage has been reported in pervious works. 16,20,21 We also considered the effects of SW exercise training alone or supplemented with garlic on renal and hepatic cells apoptotic biomarkers. Interestingly, our data demonstrated that SW exercise, particularly combined with garlic supplementation, enhances the renal and hepatic Bcl-2 levels and reduces the mean value of BAX.…”