Abstract:IntroductionBi-directional brain-computer interfaces (BD-BCI) to restore movement and sensation must achieve concurrent operation of recording and decoding of motor commands from the brain and stimulating the brain with somatosensory feedback.MethodsA custom programmable direct cortical stimulator (DCS) capable of eliciting artificial sensorimotor response was integrated into an embedded BCI system to form a safe, independent, wireless, and battery powered testbed to explore BD-BCI concepts at a low cost. The … Show more
“…109 The electrical stimulation method has the advantage of a fast response time (∼400 ms). 110 This method has the disadvantage that it can affect the patient's tissue because the electric current spreads to the tissue adjacent to the nerve or stimulated cells. In addition, if the device's insulation is not good or leaks, the current can also affect the cells around the device.…”
Section: Brain−computer Interface For Modulation and Sensingmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The lengths of the microfibers increased from ≈0.5 to 5 cm (Figure A) . The electrical stimulation method has the advantage of a fast response time (∼400 ms) . This method has the disadvantage that it can affect the patient’s tissue because the electric current spreads to the tissue adjacent to the nerve or stimulated cells.…”
Section: Brain–computer Interface
For Modulation
and Sensingmentioning
Missing neuronal communication between parts of the body and the brain can cause organ failures or life-threatening conditions including cardiovascular and neurological diseases. The implantable brain−computer interface (BCI) is an emerging interdisciplinary technology that can bridge the communication gap, restoring organ functions and treating neurological disorders. Since the success of the first battery-powered pacemaker in 1958, bioelectronics technology has made a prodigious leap toward a wide range of biomedical applications such as therapeutics, diagnostics, and assistive organ implants. The latest developments in material sciences and device integrations have enabled a technological paradigm shift from rigid to soft and mechanically conformal implantable BCI devices that could eliminate device−tissue mismatches. However, achieving mechanical and electrical stability with organic-and nanomaterial-based electronics implanted in the body is a big challenge. Recent advances in inorganic and wide bandgap materials for BCI devices provide a promising route to solve this bottleneck due to their stability, modalities, and standardized manufacturing processes. Nevertheless, several remaining key obstacles still hinder the applications of soft BCI devices. This review summarizes the latest developments and key challenges of this emerging field, focusing on technological and scientific aspects such as materials, device structures, modulation, sensing, power, and communication. Current challenges and future perspectives of this emerging technology will also be discussed.
“…109 The electrical stimulation method has the advantage of a fast response time (∼400 ms). 110 This method has the disadvantage that it can affect the patient's tissue because the electric current spreads to the tissue adjacent to the nerve or stimulated cells. In addition, if the device's insulation is not good or leaks, the current can also affect the cells around the device.…”
Section: Brain−computer Interface For Modulation and Sensingmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The lengths of the microfibers increased from ≈0.5 to 5 cm (Figure A) . The electrical stimulation method has the advantage of a fast response time (∼400 ms) . This method has the disadvantage that it can affect the patient’s tissue because the electric current spreads to the tissue adjacent to the nerve or stimulated cells.…”
Section: Brain–computer Interface
For Modulation
and Sensingmentioning
Missing neuronal communication between parts of the body and the brain can cause organ failures or life-threatening conditions including cardiovascular and neurological diseases. The implantable brain−computer interface (BCI) is an emerging interdisciplinary technology that can bridge the communication gap, restoring organ functions and treating neurological disorders. Since the success of the first battery-powered pacemaker in 1958, bioelectronics technology has made a prodigious leap toward a wide range of biomedical applications such as therapeutics, diagnostics, and assistive organ implants. The latest developments in material sciences and device integrations have enabled a technological paradigm shift from rigid to soft and mechanically conformal implantable BCI devices that could eliminate device−tissue mismatches. However, achieving mechanical and electrical stability with organic-and nanomaterial-based electronics implanted in the body is a big challenge. Recent advances in inorganic and wide bandgap materials for BCI devices provide a promising route to solve this bottleneck due to their stability, modalities, and standardized manufacturing processes. Nevertheless, several remaining key obstacles still hinder the applications of soft BCI devices. This review summarizes the latest developments and key challenges of this emerging field, focusing on technological and scientific aspects such as materials, device structures, modulation, sensing, power, and communication. Current challenges and future perspectives of this emerging technology will also be discussed.
“…Note that PCB's multilayered structure causes its thermal conductivity to be anisotropic. Based on our benchtop BCI prototypes [11], [12], we assumed a two-layer PCB and applied the formulas in [49] to obtain…”
Section: B Mathematical Modelmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…There, these signals are D/A converted and sent to a sensory cortex grid, where cortical stimulation is delivered to elicit leg sensation. Our group has developed multiple preliminary benchtop prototypes of this system [11], [12], including custom integrated circuits (ICs) for ECoG recording [13], [14], [15] and wireless communication [16].…”
The aim of this study is to estimate the maximum power consumption that guarantees the thermal safety of a skull unit (SU). The SU is part of a fully-implantable bi-directional brain computer-interface (BD-BCI) system that aims to restore walking and leg sensation to those with spinal cord injury (SCI). To estimate the SU power budget, we created a bio-heat model using the finite element method (FEM) implemented in COMSOL. To ensure that our predictions were robust against the natural variation of the model's parameters, we also performed a sensitivity analysis. Based on our simulations, we estimated that the SU can nominally consume up to 70 mW of power without raising the surrounding tissues' temperature above the thermal safety threshold of 1 • C. When considering the natural variation of the model's parameters, we estimated that the power budget could range between 47 and 81 mW. This power budget should be sufficient to power the basic operations of the SU, including amplification, serialization and A/D conversion of the neural signals, as well as control of cortical stimulation. Determining the power budget is an important specification for the design of the SU and, in turn, the design of a fully-implantable BD-BCI system.
“…A bidirectional BCI is a device that capable of reading and writing data from the brain, enabling a complete linkage between the brain and an external device [4]. For instance, a bidirectional BCI can detect an epileptic seizure and stimulate the brain to prevent it [5], or provide tactile feedback to improve the control of a robotic arm [6]. Bi-directional BCIs hold significant promise in medical and cognitive enhancement domains.…”
The non-implantation bi-directional braincomputer interface (BCI) is a neural interface technology that enables direct two-way communication between the brain and the external world by both "reading" neural signals and "writing" stimulation patterns to the brain. This technology has vast potential applications, such as improving the quality of life for individuals with neurological and mental illnesses and even expanding the boundaries of human capabilities. Nonetheless, non-implantation bidirectional BCIs face challenges in generating real-time feedback and achieving compatibility between stimulation and recording. These issues arise due to the considerable overlap between electrical stimulation frequencies and electrophysiological recording frequencies, as well as the impediment caused by the skull to the interaction of external and internal currents. To address those challenges, this work proposes a novel solution that combines the temporal interference stimulation paradigm and minimally invasive skull modification. A longitudinal animal experiment has preliminarily validated the feasibility of the proposed method. In signal recording experiments, the average impedance of our scheme decreased by 4.59 kΩ, about 67%, compared to the conventional technique at 18 points. The peak-to-peak value of the Somatosensory Evoked Potential increased by 8%. Meanwhile, the signal-to-noise ratio of Steady-State Visual Evoked Potential increased by 5.13 dB, and its classification accuracy increased by 44%. The maximum bandwidth of the resting state rose by 63%. In electrical stimulation experiments, the signalto-noise ratio of the low-frequency response evoked by our scheme rose by 8.04 dB, and no stimulation artifacts were generated. The experimental results show that signal quality in acquisition has significantly improved, and frequency-band isolation eliminates stimulation artifacts at the source. The acquisition and stimulation pathways are real-time compatible in this non-implantation bi-directional BCI solution, which can provide technical support and theo-
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