Absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy
techniques provide a wealth
of information on molecular systems. The simulations of such experiments
remain challenging, however, despite the efforts put into developing
the underlying theory. An attractive method of simulating the behavior
of molecular systems is provided by the quantum–classical theory—it
enables one to keep track of the state of the bath explicitly, which
is needed for accurate calculations of fluorescence spectra. Unfortunately,
until now there have been relatively few works that apply quantum–classical
methods for modeling spectroscopic data. In this work, we seek to
provide a framework for the calculations of absorption and fluorescence
lineshapes of molecular systems using the methods based on the quantum–classical
Liouville equation, namely, the forward–backward trajectory
solution (FBTS) and the non-Hamiltonian variant of the Poisson bracket
mapping equation (PBME-nH). We perform calculations on a molecular
dimer and the photosynthetic Fenna–Matthews–Olson complex.
We find that in the case of absorption, the FBTS outperforms PBME-nH,
consistently yielding highly accurate results. We next demonstrate
that for fluorescence calculations, the method of choice is a hybrid
approach, which we call PBME-nH-Jeff, that utilizes the effective
coupling theory [
Gelzinis
A.
Gelzinis
A.
051103
32035455
J. Chem. Phys.
2020
152
] to
estimate the excited state equilibrium density operator. Thus, we
find that FBTS and PBME-nH-Jeff are excellent candidates for simulating,
respectively, absorption and fluorescence spectra of real molecular
systems.