Benchmark study on glyphosate‐resistant cropping systems in the United States. Part 4: Weed management practices and effects on weed populations and soil seedbanks

Wilson, R. G.; Young, Bryan G.; Matthews, Joseph L.; Weller, Stephen C.; Johnson, William G.; Jordan, David L.; Owen, Micheal D. K.; Dixon, Philip M.; Shaw, David R.

doi:10.1002/ps.2176

Cited by 40 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 41 publications

(65 reference statements)

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“…Because weeds are a major problem in reduced‐tillage systems, herbicides such as atrazine are a key component of weed control in reduced‐tillage systems . Furthermore, as problems with weeds resistant to glyphosate and other herbicides have developed and spread, academics and extension specialists continue to emphasize the importance of using alternative herbicide modes of action, including triazine herbicide use, to help delay the development of herbicide resistance and to manage weeds resistant to other herbicides . As a result, the non‐triazine scenarios assume tillage practices will shift towards more intensive tillage, not only for maize and sorghum, but also for soybean and cotton, crops commonly rotated with maize and sorghum in the United States.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Market‐level assessment of the economic benefits of atrazine in the United States

Mitchell

2014

Pest. Manag. Sci.

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BACKGROUNDAtrazine and other triazine herbicides are widely used in US maize and sorghum production, yet the most recent market-level assessment of the economic benefits of atrazine is for market conditions prevalent in the early 1990s, before commercialization of transgenic crops. Grain markets have changed substantially since that time; for example, the size of the US maize market increased by 170% from 1990–1992 to 2007–2009. This paper reports a current assessment of the economic benefits of atrazine.RESULTSYield increases and cost changes implied by triazine herbicides are projected to reduce maize prices by 7–8% and sorghum prices by 19–20%. Projected consumer benefits from lower prices range from $US 3.6 to 4.4 × 109 annually, with the net projected economic benefit for triazine herbicides to the US economy ranging from $US 2.9 to 3.4 × 109 annually because lower prices imply reduced producer income. Productivity gains from triazine herbicides maintain an estimated 270 000–390 000 ha of land in non-crop uses that generate environmental benefits not accounted for in this analysis.CONCLUSIONEven in the current era, with transgenic varieties dominating crop production, atrazine and the other triazine herbicides continue to be a key part of maize and sorghum production and generate substantial economic benefits. © 2013 The Authors. PestManagement Science published by JohnWiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Market‐level assessment of the economic benefits of atrazine in the United States

Mitchell

2014

Pest. Manag. Sci.

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“…Since then, the adoption of GR soybean, maize, cotton, alfalfa and sugar beet has been rapid, now accounting for about 85% of the more than 1 billion accumulated hectares of transgenic crops grown worldwide 8, 9. Many of the farmers who adopted this technology used it year after year, with glyphosate as the only herbicide for weed mangement 10. Adoption of this technology provided several environmental and toxicological benefits 11, 12.…”

Section: Why New Herbicide Modes Of Action Are Neededmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why have no new herbicide modes of action appeared in recent years?

Duke

2011

Pest Management Science

466

477

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Herbicides with new modes of action are badly needed to manage the evolution of resistance of weeds to existing herbicides. Yet no major new mode of action has been introduced to the market place for about 20 years. There are probably several reasons for this. New potential products may have remained dormant owing to concerns that glyphosate-resistant (GR) crops have reduced the market for a new herbicide. The capture of a large fraction of the herbicide market by glyphosate with GR crops led to significantly diminished herbicide discovery efforts. Some of the reduced herbicide discovery research was also due to company consolidations and the availability of more generic herbicides. Another problem might be that the best herbicide molecular target sites may have already been discovered. However, target sites that are not utilized, for which there are inhibitors that are highly effective at killing plants, suggests that this is not true. Results of modern methods of target site discovery (e.g. gene knockout methods) are mostly not public, but there is no evidence of good herbicides with new target sites coming from these approaches. In summary, there are several reasons for a long dry period for new herbicide target sites; however, the relative magnitude of each is unclear. The economic stimulus to the herbicide industry caused by the evolution of herbicide-resistant weeds, especially GR weeds, may result in one or more new modes of action becoming available in the not too distant future.

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“…This is likely for GR crops because glyphosate has been the preferred choice for both applications. Growers typically make more than one application of glyphosate on GR crops and, in some areas, more than three (Norsworthy 2003;Norsworthy et al 2007;Wilson et al 2011).…”

Section: Reduced Diversity Of Weed Control Tactics Leads To Gr Weedsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Herbicide Resistant Crops and Weeds: Implications for Herbicide Use and Weed Management

Frisvold

Reeves

2014

Integrated Pest Management

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Benchmark study on glyphosate‐resistant cropping systems in the United States. Part 4: Weed management practices and effects on weed populations and soil seedbanks

Cited by 40 publications

References 41 publications

Market‐level assessment of the economic benefits of atrazine in the United States

Market‐level assessment of the economic benefits of atrazine in the United States

Why have no new herbicide modes of action appeared in recent years?

Herbicide Resistant Crops and Weeds: Implications for Herbicide Use and Weed Management

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