Belowground Distribution and Abundance of Botrychium Gametophytes and Juvenile Sporophytes

Johnson-Groh, Cindy L.; Riedel, Chandra; Schoessler, Laura; Skogen, Krissa A.

doi:10.1640/0002-8444(2002)092[0080:bdaaob]2.0.co;2

Cited by 24 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…While most Loranthaceae are aerial stem parasites, three monospecific genera (Atkinsonia, Gaiadendron and Nuytsia) are root parasites (Kuijt 1969), and both morphological (Feuer & Kuijt 1980) and molecular (Nickrent 2001;Nickrent 2002) evidence indicates that root parasitism is ancestral in the family. B. virginianum is a terrestrial fern that spends part of its life cycle as a subterranean gametophyte and juvenile sporophyte ( Johnson-Groh et al 2002), and the rhizome is hardly, if at all, emergent at maturity (Gifford & Foster 1989). While it follows that a root parasite is the most likely donor of the transgenes found in B. virginianum, none of the three root-parasitic loranth species are presently found in Asia.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gene transfer from a parasitic flowering plant to a fern

2005

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The rattlesnake fern (Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw.) is obligately mycotrophic and widely distributed across the northern hemisphere. Three mitochondrial gene regions place this species with other ferns in Ophioglossaceae, while two regions place it as a member of the largely parasitic angiosperm order Santalales (sandalwoods and mistletoes). These discordant phylogenetic placements suggest that part of the genome in B. virginianum was acquired by horizontal gene transfer (HGT), perhaps from root-parasitic Loranthaceae. These transgenes are restricted to B. virginianum and occur across the range of the species. Molecular and life-history traits indicate that the transfer preceded the global expansion of B. virginianum, and that the latter may have happened very rapidly. This is the first report of HGT from an angiosperm to a fern, through either direct parasitism or the mediation of interconnecting fungal symbionts.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gene transfer from a parasitic flowering plant to a fern

2005

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“…The resulting mass of soil containing the remaining organic structures was first suspended in water and centrifuged, after which the sample was resuspended in 30% sucrose solution and centrifuged again. The first centrifugation resulted in sediments of Botrychium underground structures, while centrifuging the samples with 30% sucrose allowed the extraction of particles of interest from the upper fraction and the preparation of the material for examination under a microscope (Johnson‐Groh et al, 2002 ; Farrar and Johnson, 2022 ).…”

Section: Methods For Subterranean Gametophyte Extractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our research (Naujalis, 1995 ; Rimgailė‐Voicik and Naujalis, 2016 ) also showed that the development of gametophyte populations was asynchronous, and the size of gametophyte clusters might exceed 500 individuals in a 1‐m 2 sample area. Similarly, the data from research on Botrychium ferns showed that the number and density of subterranean individuals might substantially exceed the number of aboveground individuals, in a ratio of 700 : 1 (Johnson‐Groh et al, 2002 ).…”

Section: Analyzing Subterranean Gametophyte Population Structuresmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…This method was successfully adapted for a Botrychium simplex E. Hitchc. population analysis in the United States (Johnson‐Groh et al, 2002 ). The collected data allows the generation of a species‐effort curve, which can be interpreted as the species‐area curve (Goff et al, 1982 ) to allow the data to be analyzed as a statistical model (Moore et al, 2011 ).…”

Section: Locating Subterranean Club Moss Gametophytes In Naturementioning

confidence: 99%

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Techniques for locating and analyzing subterranean Lycopodium and Diphasiastrum gametophytes in the field

Rimgailė-Voicik

Naujalis

2022

Appl Plant Sci

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Homosporous club mosses have an archaic life cycle, alternating two locationally, nutritionally, and physiologically independent generations. The sexual generation of club mosses—the gametophytes (or prothallia)—are among the least researched botanical subjects. The gametophytes are responsible for not only sexual reproduction, but also the determination of recruitment of the new sporophyte generation, species habitat selection, migration, and evolution. Researchers often fail to find juvenile club moss populations and thus do not discover subterranean long‐lived achlorophyllous gametophytes. To date, the gametophytes of most club moss species remain undiscovered in nature and are not scientifically documented. Almost all researchers who have previously located subterranean club moss gametophytes declared that their first find was due to luck and that subsequently the researcher's intuition plays the most important role; however, intuition and good luck are not scientific methods. In our review, we combine our knowledge with data available in the literature and discuss the following questions using a methodical approach: (1) How can we locate a subterranean club moss gametophyte population? (2) How can we extract the gametophytes? and (3) What new knowledge about club moss population development can be gained by analyzing juvenile club moss populations?

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“…Breeding systems- Raven (1963) emphasized the importance of bisexuality and self-compatibility in isolated propagules for founding of new populations following long-distance dispersal. Examination of the underground structures of Botrychium have shown gametophytes of this genus to be regularly bisexual ( Johnson-Groh et al, 2002 ;Farrar, 2011 ). Evidence of genetic self-compatibility has been reported for Botrychium , based on observations of extremely low genetic variability and absence of heterozygous individuals in most populations of most species Hauk and Haufl er, 1999 ;Soltis and Soltis, 1986, 1989, 1990.…”

Section: Dates Of Dispersals-mentioning

confidence: 99%

Observations on bipolar disjunctions of moonwort ferns (Botrychium, Ophioglossaceae)

Farrar

Stensvold

2017

American J of Botany

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Peter Raven, in 1963, included two fern taxa of the genus in his list of plant species exhibiting American amphitropical bipolar disjunctions. He attributed the southern hemisphere occurrences to post-Pleistocene long-distance dispersal from counterparts in the northern hemisphere, probably assisted by annual bird migrations between the disjunct areas. Using genetic evidence gathered through worldwide analyses of phylogenetic relationship in, we now review and reconsider Raven's conclusions. Genetic similarities indicate that South American is an allotetraploid taxon closely related to, a North American endemic, and that in New Zealand possesses a genotype identical to that of a taxon in North America derived through introgressive hybridization between and an endemic North American species, Both North American counterparts exhibit Raven's characteristics of bipolar disjuncts in their occurrence in mountain and coastal meadows, copious production of small propagules (spores in), occurrence in habitats frequented by transpolar bird migrants, and ability to found new colonies through inbreeding. We discuss these characteristics in and relative to other ferns and suggest further studies on and related taxa to address questions of time, number, and mode of bipolar dispersals.

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Belowground Distribution and Abundance of Botrychium Gametophytes and Juvenile Sporophytes

Abstract: A significant portion of the stages of the life history of Botrychium, the gametophyte and juvenile sporophytes, are spent helowground. Surveys were conducted to determine the distribution and abundance of belowground gametophj^es, juvenile sporophytes and gemmae of

Cited by 24 publications

References 18 publications

Gene transfer from a parasitic flowering plant to a fern

Gene transfer from a parasitic flowering plant to a fern

Techniques for locating and analyzing subterranean Lycopodium and Diphasiastrum gametophytes in the field

Observations on bipolar disjunctions of moonwort ferns (Botrychium, Ophioglossaceae)

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